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Can Constructed Wetlands Reduce the Diffuse Phosphorus Loads to Eutrophic Water in Cold Temperate Regions?

^a Jordforsk, Frederik A. Dahls vei 20, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
^b Linköping University, IFM/Biology, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
^c Ekologgruppen i Landskrona AB, Järnvägsgatan 19B, SE-261 32 Landskrona, Sweden
^d Telemark University College, Box 203, NO-3901 Porsgrunn, Norway
^e Division of Water Quality Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7072, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
^f Finnish Environment Institute, Integrated River Basin Research, P.O. Box 140, FIN-00251 Helsinki, Finland

View larger version (11K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Plot of the results from the two first factors in the principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analyses. TP%, relative total phosphorus retention; TPSL, specific total phosphorus load; TPSR, specific total phosphorus retention; TPCI, inlet total phosphorus concentration; TPCO, outlet total phosphorus concentration; q, specific runoff from catchment; HLR, hydraulic loading rate; DRP, dissolved reactive phosphorus; Aw to Ac ratio, wetland surface area to catchment area ratio; age, years from construction of wetland; k, first-order removal rate constant.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. The relationship between wetland relative phosphorus retention and concentration in the inlet of (a) total phosphorus (TP) and (b) dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP). Results with minor errors in DRP are circled.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Relative retention of (a) total phosphorus (TP) and (b) dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) as a function of DRP to TP ratio in the inlet. Results with minor errors in DRP are circled. Site 12 was not included in the statistics (+ in box).

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Relationship between the first-order rate constant (k) value and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) to total phosphorus (TP) ratio. Site 12 was not included in the statistics (+ in box).

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. The relationship between the first-order rate constant (k) and (a) specific total phosphorus (TP) retention and (b) dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) retention.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. The relative retention of (a) total phosphorus (TP) and (b) dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) as a function of wetland area (Aw) to catchment area (Ac) ratio. Results with minor errors in DRP are circled. Site 12 was excluded from the statistical analyses (+ in square).

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Relationship between specific retention of (a) total phosphorus (TP) and (b) dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) and wetland area (Aw) to catchment area (Ac) ratio. Dotted curve represents an estimate. Site 12 was included neither in the statistics, nor in (b), since the result was in the same order of magnitude as the TP retention.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Retention of (a) total phosphorus (TP) and (b) dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) as a function of wetland age. Sites with only 1 yr of observations were excluded. Results with minor errors in DRP are circled.