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Comparison of Atrazine Losses in Three Small Headwater Catchments

^a Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG) and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETHZ), Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf
^b Current address: Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, RG42 6EY, UK
^c Current address: Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape (SAEFL), 3003 Bern-Ittingen

View larger version (61K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Map of the headwater Catchments 1 to 3 located within the watershed of Lake Greifensee (G). The different colors indicate the spatial distribution of the hydrological soil groups (red, high risk for topsoil water saturation; orange, moderate risk; yellow, low risk; green, forests). Black dots, cornfields connected to the brook (for details see text); black hatching, confields that are not connected; P, Lake Pfäffikon.

View larger version (32K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. (A) Cumulated atrazine amounts applied within the Catchments 1 to 3; (B) discharge; and (C) atrazine concentrations and cumulative atrazine loads at the outlet of the Catchments 1 to 3. The concentration peaks caused by direct farmyard runoff are marked with arrows. The maximum concentrations caused by farmyard losses varied from 0.7 and 31 µg L–1 (note the different concentration axes).

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. (A) Rain intensity and cumulated rain amount within Catchment 1; (B) discharge and cumulative discharge; and (C) atrazine concentration as well as cumulative atrazine load at the outlet of Catchment 1 during a sequence of four discharge events, occurring within 11 d without applications. The concentration peak caused by farmyard runoff is marked with an arrow.

View larger version (56K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Portions of total atrazine amount applied on cornfields of Catchments 1 to 3 that are connected to surface water by surface runoff and/or tile drain, classified for their tendency to topsoil saturation according to the hydrological soil groups.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. (A) Cumulative rain amount of one event within the three catchments. (B) Relative discharge, (C) relative atrazine concentration, and (D) cumulative load caused by the event at the outlets of the catchments. The concentration and discharge values are scaled between the respective minimum and maximum levels of the event.

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Atrazine concentration exceedance curves at the outlets of Catchments 1 to 3 during a period of 60 d, beginning June 1 (start of the main application period).