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Long Lasting Nitrate Leaching after Bark Beetle Attack in the Highlands of the Bavarian Forest National Park

Fachgebiet für Waldernährung und Wasserhaushalt, Department für Ökologie, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, TU-München, Am Hochanger 13, D-85354 Freising, Germany

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Bavarian Forest National Park location map. (a) The Bavarian Forest National Park is situated 150 km northeast of Munich. (b) The Park is divided into two parts: (i) the unmanaged "old part" (Rachel-Lusen area), and (ii) the managed expansion area (Falkenstein-Rachel area). Five investigation plots are located in the east part of the Rachel-Lusen area, and one plot in the northwest of the Falkenstein-Rachel area. (c) In the old part of the park, 85% of the trees died after the dieback and 17% of trees in the slopes and lowlands. In a buffer zone infested trees were cut.

View larger version (31K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Chronosequence of the NO3– concentration in seepage water at the 40-cm depth (means ± 95% confidence intervals) before and after the bark beetle attack. Each point was determined from a minimum of 10 suction cups. The scheme of the chronosequence is presented in Table 1.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Yearly mean flux-weighted NO3– concentration (means and 95% confidence intervals) before and after the dieback of the stand. Significant differences between the intact stand (–1) and the relevant year are marked with asterisks. E, intact stand in the expansion area; –1, intact stand 1 yr before the attack; 0, year of the dieback; 1, 1 yr after the dieback; and so on. Each point was determined from a minimum of 10 suction cups. The scheme of the chronosequence is presented in Table 2. Significance of the differences were tested using a one-way ANOVA. Thamhane's T2 test was used as a post-hoc test because variances were not equal according to Levene statistics. A critical probability level of 0.05 was used to indicate significant differences.

View larger version (42K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Impact of coverage by ground vegetation (%) on NO3– concentrations (yearly means) before and after the dieback of the stands. A significant regression is marked with a regression line, regression equation, and stability index (r2).