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Methods for Speciation of Metals in Soils

A Review

^a 3507 Middleton Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45220
^b USEPA, ORD, NRMRL, 5995 Center Hill Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45224

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. The electromagnetic (em) spectrum.

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. A depiction of the regimes of bulk, thin film, and surface analysis (from Briggs and Seah, 1990, with permission).

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Schematic of the basic layout of instrumental development for chemical analysis of surfaces and interfaces (from Kelley, 1987, with permission).

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Laser microprobe mass analyzer (LAMMA)-500 positive ion spectra taken at two points on the same thin film section. Note the difference in elemental composition (from Henstra et al., 1981, with permission).

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Interaction of an electron beam with matter regarding (a) macroscopic depiction of the numerous information signals available for analysis and (b) microscopic interpretation of atomic processes that produce some of the information signals.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra of soil samples illustrating a spectral overlap of Pb and S.

View larger version (32K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Scattering and sources of electrons due to penetration of an electron beam into a specimen bulk surface.

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Resolution enhancement of transmission electron microscopy (TEM; thin film) over scanning electron microscopy (SEM; bulk sample) due to smaller material volume excitement by the electron beam (adapted from Wenk, 1976).

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Comparison of X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra for a Pb-contaminated soil (SoPb), PbCO3, and PbSO4.

View larger version (42K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Infrared (IR) spectra for an unknown mixture identified best by kaolinite and calcite (from Bio-Rad, 1991).

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 11. Carbon-13 cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of humic material extracted from one soil, then subjected to further purification. Note the spectral features which appear with increasing carbon content (from Stucki and Banwart, 1980, with permission).