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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Soils of the Moscow Region— Concentrations, Temporal Trends, and Small-Scale Distribution

^a Department of Soil Science, Institute of Ecology, Berlin University of Technology, Salzufer 11-12, D-10587 Berlin, Germany
^b Department of Radioecology, Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, 49 Timiryazevskaya str., Moscow, 127550, Russian Federation

View larger version (34K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Location of the study sites.

View larger version (39K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Mean pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (a) in recent Russian topsoils (collected 1996–2003) and North American Prairie topsoils (Wilcke and Amelung, 2000) and (b) in Russian topsoils archived between 1910 and 1922. In (b) additionally the pattern of PAHs in the Bronnitsi topsoil sample of 1922, an outlier, and in the Schapovo topsoil sample of 1954 is shown. ACEN, acenaphthene; ACENY, acenaphthylene; ANTH, anthracene; B(A)A, benz(a) anthracene; B(A)P, benzo(a)pyrene; B(BJK), benzo(b+j+k)-fluoranthenes; B(E)P, benzo(e)pyrene; B(GHI), benzo(ghi)perylene; CHRY, chrysene + triphenylene; COR, coronene; DIBE, dibenz-(a,h)anthracene; FLUA, fluoranthene; FLUO, fluorene; IND, indeno-(1,2,3-cd)pyrene; NAPH, naphthalene; PERY, perylene; PHEN, phenanthrene; PYR, pyrene.

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Relation between distance to the center of Moscow and the recent mean concentrations of the sum of 21 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (21PAHs) normalized to the concentration of soil organic carbon (SOC) (n = 3 for each of the forest and grassland sites, except n = 2 for the grassland samples collected at Nenashevo in 1996). Error bars represent standard errors. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences of the means at p < 0.05 (Games Howell post hoc test).

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Relation between distance to the center of Moscow and the recent mean contributions of the low-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (NAPH, ACENY, ACEN, FLUO, PHEN, and ANTH) to the concentrations of the sum of 21 PAHs (n = 3 for each of the forest and grassland sites, except n = 2 for the grassland samples collected at Nenashevo in 1996). Error bars represent standard errors. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences of the means at p < 0.05 (Games Howell post hoc test). ACEN, acenaphthene; ACENY, acenaphthylene; ANTH, anthracene; FLUO, fluorene; NAPH, naphthalene; PHEN, phenanthrene.

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Mean distribution of the concentrations of the sum of 21 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (21PAHs) among the soil without large aggregates (<10 mm) and the interior and exterior of macroaggregates > 10 mm in soils archived between 1910 and 1922 (n = 6) and in soils sampled between 1996 and 2000 (n = 10) expressed in % of the concentrations of the 21PAHs in bulk soil. Error bars represent standard errors.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Mean pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the soil without large aggregates (<10 mm) and the interior and exterior of macroaggregates in soils sampled between 1996 and 2000 (n = 10–12). ACEN, acenaphthene; ACENY, acenaphthylene; ANTH, anthracene; B(A)A, benz(a)anthracene; B(A)P, benzo(a)pyrene; B(BJK), benzo(b+j+k)fluoranthenes; B(E)P, benzo(e)pyrene; B(GHI), benzo(ghi)perylene; CHRY, chrysene + triphenylene; COR, coronene; DIBE, dibenz(a,h)anthracene; FLUA, fluoranthene; FLUO, fluorene; IND, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene; NAPH, naphthalene; PERY, perylene; PHEN, phenanthrene; PYR, pyrene.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Mean concentration ratio of the sum of 21 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (21PAHs) in the aggregate exterior to the interior in soils archived between 1910 and 1922 (n = 6) and in soils sampled between 1996 and 2000 (n = 10). Error bars represent standard errors.