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Visible-Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy for Rapid, Nondestructive Assessment of Wetland Soil Quality

Wetland Biogeochemistry Laboratory, Department of Soil and Water Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110510, Gainesville, FL 32611-0510

View larger version (67K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Study area in western Florida including Pensacola Bay, Santa Rosa County and Escambia County. Shown are Florida county boundaries with (A) regional hydrography and transportation networks and (B) topography. Both show soil sample cluster locations.

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Eleven raw relative reflectance spectra, sampled as mean albedo end-members from the existing spectral reflectance library (n = 321).

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Mean replicate (n = 4 per soil sample) variance across the spectrum for the entire data set reported as % of raw reflectance and also scaled to the mean. This indicates moderate spectral response stability with the optical setup described; the blue region of the spectrum (350–400 nm) exhibited low signal-to-noise and was excluded from chemometric development.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Biplot of Axes 1 and 2 from principal components analysis (PCA) of the spectral reflectance library (SRL). Also given are axis correlations with specific soil properties. Two spectral outliers were identified using PCA; these two samples (in-stream sediment samples) were omitted from further analyses.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Bivariate Pearson correlation coefficients between selected soil attributes and spectral reflectance across the entire visible-near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (VNIRS) spectral range.

View larger version (47K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Graphical depiction of conditional association pattern for observed soil parameters. Nodes represent selected properties; arcs between nodes are significant at p < 0.001. Partial correlation coefficients are given in Table 5.