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Phosphorus Retention in Small Constructed Wetlands Treating Agricultural Drainage Water

Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG) and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Limnological Research Center, CH-6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. (a) Map of Switzerland showing location of Lake Sempach. (b) Contour map of the wetland's catchment area including subsurface drainage system (dashed lines) and receiving river "Kleine Aa". Unit of contour lines is m.

View larger version (40K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. (a) Water discharge and (b) concentration of dissolved reactive phosphorus cin(DRP) at the drainage inlet to Wetland Sonnhof during 2001 and 2002.

View larger version (43K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Frequency scale of water discharge classes for Wetland Sonnhof in 2001 and 2002 and contribution of water discharge classes to input of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP).

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Frequency distribution of observed water residence time.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Model results for steady-state concentration of dissolved reactive phosphorus c(DRP), particulate phosphorus c(PP), and retention efficiency of bioavailable phosphorus as a function of the water residence time . Chosen model parameters were: V = 900 m3, A0 = 1800 m2, cin(DRP) = 100 mg m–3, µmax = 1.3 mg P mg–1 PP d–1, KS = 20 mg m–3, kset = 0.2 m d–1, krel = 1 mg m–2 d–1.

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Retention efficiency of bioavailable phosphorus predicted by the model (lines) and observed in Wetland Sonnhof in 2001 (symbols) as a function of water residence time and concentration of dissolved reactive phosphorus at the inlet cin(DRP). Line styles and symbol types indicate DRP inlet concentration. Two-day retention efficiency was calculated according to Eq. [15]. Twenty-two data points ranging between –60 and –500% (: 1–6 d) are not shown.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Input of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) (dashed line) and retention efficiency of bioavailable phosphorus (solid line) as related to water residence time. Curves were fitted to experimental data of DRP input (circles) and retention efficiency (crosses) in Wetland Sonnhof, which were subsumed in water residence time classes.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Mass-balance model for phosphorus retention. Ovals characterize phosphorus (P) reservoirs in the wetland and arrows signify biogeochemical transformations (DRP, dissolved reactive phosphorus; DNRP, dissolved nonreactive phosphorus; PPpedo, pedogenic particulate phosphorus; PPbio, biogenous particulate phosphorus).