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Phosphorus Concentrations in Overland Flow from Diverse Locations on a New York Dairy Farm

^a Department of Natural Resources, Fernow Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
^b USDA-ARS Pasture Systems and Watershed Research Management Unit, Curtin Road, University Park, PA 16875

View larger version (133K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Location of the nine simulated rainfall application sites within the study watershed. Refer to Table 1 for a description of site codes. Symbols indicate concentrations of soil test phosphorus using Morgan's extraction (1 M NaOAc, pH 4.8; Lathwell and Peech, 1965): open circle, 0 to 2 mg kg–1; horizontal hatch, 2 to 5 mg kg–1; vertical hatch, 5 to 10 mg kg–1; cross hatch, 10 to 25 mg kg–1; filled circle, >1000 mg kg–1. The blacked out area indicates the boundary of the watershed above the monitoring station (open square).

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Time to first observed overland flow under simulated rainfall conditions (38 mm per 30 min application rate). At each site two paired plots (solid triangles and squares) were sampled on two consecutive days (first day: solid triangles and squares; second day: open triangles and squares). Refer to Table 1 for a description of site codes. The dashed line indicates 20-min threshold.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Flow of surface overland flow from simulated rainfall application plots, including a seep area within an extensively grazed heifer pasture (SHP) and a recently cut hay field (HAY). At each site two paired plots (solid triangles and circles) were sampled on two consecutive days (first day: solid triangles and circles; second day: open triangles and circles). The dashed line indicates rainfall application rate (38 mm per 30 min).

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Concentrations of total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) in 30-min composite overland flow samples versus Morgan's soil test phosphorus (STP) for the seven rainfall simulation sites without fresh manure (TDP [mg L–1] = 0.0056 + 0.018 x STP [mg kg –1]; adjusted R2 = 84%). The line indicates linear fit.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Concentrations of total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) in overland flow from intensively managed pasture (regrowth, GRN; recently grazed, GRS) on the first (diamonds) and second (squares) days of rainfall simulation. Samples were collected in 5-min increments from the first paired plot to produce overland flow; 30-min composite samples (ACOMP, BCOMP) and equilibrium flow samples (A30, B30) were collected from both plots.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS) in overland flow from a heifer cow path (PTH) and a recently cut hay field (HAY) on the first (diamonds) and second (squares) days of rainfall simulation. Samples were collected in 5-min increments from the first paired plot to produce overland flow; 30-min composite samples (ACOMP, BCOMP) and equilibrium flow samples (A30, B30) were collected from both plots.