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Initial Tree Establishment on Blocky Quarry Waste Ameliorated with Hydrogel or Slate Processing Fines

^a Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, LL57 2UW, UK
^b School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, LL57 2UW, UK
^c Current address: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Orton Building, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UP, UK

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Rainfall close to the study site: (a) cumulative days with less than 0.5 mm rain during the study period and (b) monthly rainfall. The term P indicates time of planting the experiment, while M indicates times of tree measurement.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Growth (stem basal area and height at one, two, and three years after planting) of three tree species planted into blocky slate waste in 3-L compost bags, without amendment, or with slate processing fines or hydrogel placed beneath for (a) common alder, (b) Italian alder, or (c) willow. Values represent means ± SEM.

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Water release characteristics of (a) slate processing fines and (b) hydrogel. Note the difference in scale. Dotted lines represent the approximate upper (–0.05 MPa) and lower (–1.5 MPa) limits of plant-available water.

View larger version (33K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Sorption characteristics for ammonium, potassium, phosphate, and nitrate ions in (a) slate processing fines and (b) hydrogel. Values from fitted Langmuir curves for maximum sorption (b) and the partition coefficient (k) are shown, ±SEM.

View larger version (147K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Tree roots growing through (a) slate processing fines; root system 18 mo after planting, approximate image width 2 m (M. Nason) and (b) hydrogel; roots 12 mo after planting, approximate image width 0.1 m (E. Rowe).