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Evaluation of Soils for Use as Liner Materials

A Soil Chemistry Approach

^a Department of Agronomy, Throckmorton Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
^b Now with the USDA-ARS National Soil Tilth Laboratory, Ames, IA 50011

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Simulation of the depth of soil (Zeq; Eq. [1]) needed to adsorb 100% of the NH4+ moving into the underlying soil of a swine-waste lagoon under various soil conditions after 1 yr. Bd, bulk density of the soil; St, whole-lagoon seepage rate; CEC, cation exchange capacity.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Calcium–K+ exchange isotherms and values for the Gibb's free energy of exchange (G) for two Great Plains soils: S1 (a) and S2 (b) alone, and with the addition of bentonite and zeolite at a concentration of 60 g kg–1. The relative percent difference (RPD) from the mean of the G values is presented.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Calcium–NH4+ exchange isotherms and values for the Gibb's free energy of exchange (G) for two Great Plains soils: S1 (a) and S2 (b) alone, and with the addition of bentonite and zeolite at a concentration of 60 g kg–1. The relative percent difference (RPD) from the mean of the G values is presented.

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Potassium–NH4+ exchange isotherms and values for the Gibb's free energy of exchange (G) for two Great Plains soils: S1 (a) and S2 (b) alone, and with the addition of bentonite and zeolite at a concentration of 60 g kg–1. The relative percent difference (RPD) from the mean of the G values is presented.

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. (a) Equivalent fraction of cations on the Soil 1 (S1), Soil 1 + bentonite (S1B), and Soil 1 + zeolite (S1Z) exchanger phases predicted from the Rothmund–Kornfeld equation and Gaines–Thomas convention vs. laboratory-measured equivalent fractions on the S1, S1B, and S1Z exchangers. (b) Also with Na added to the ternary solutions at 0.013 mol L–1. Root-mean square (RMS) = [( predicted N – measured N)2/n]0.5.

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. (a) Equivalent fraction of cations on the Soil 2 (S2), Soil 2 + bentonite (S2B), and Soil 2 + zeolite (S2Z) exchanger phases predicted from the Rothmund–Kornfeld equation and Gaines–Thomas convention vs. laboratory-measured equivalent fractions on the S2, S2B, and S2Z exchangers. (b) Also with Na added to the ternary solutions at 0.013 mol L–1. Root-mean square (RMS) = [( predicted N – measured N)2/n]0.5.