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Persistence of Testosterone and 17ß-Estradiol in Soils Receiving Swine Manure or Municipal Biosolids

^a Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2 Universitetsparken, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
^b Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON, Canada N5V 4T3

View larger version (34K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Dissipation and mineralization of [4–14C]-testosterone and [4–14C]-17ß-estradiol in unamended loam soil and loam soil amended with 10% (v/w) liquid swine slurry or municipal biosolid, incubated at 30°C. Each point and error bars represent the mean value of three replicate samples and corresponding standard deviation. Hormone equivalents correspond to androgenic and estrogenic activities determined by means of yeast androgen or estrogen receptor gene transcription assays.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Dissipation and mineralization of [4–14C]-testosterone in three different soils (loam, sandy loam, and silt loam) amended with 10% (v/w) swine manure slurry compared with unamended soil. Each point and error bars represent the mean value of three replicate samples and corresponding standard deviation.

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Dissipation and mineralization of [4–14C]-testosterone in loam soil amended with liquid manure from four different swine producers. The characteristics of the manures are listed in Table 1. Each point and error bars represent the mean value of three replicate samples and corresponding standard deviation.

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Dissipation and mineralization of [4–14C]-testosterone in loam soil amended with liquid municipal biosolids in concentrations from 0 to 50% (v/w). Each point and error bars represent the mean value of three replicate samples and corresponding standard deviation.

View larger version (47K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Effect of temperature on the dissipation of [4–14C]-testosterone in loam soil with or without amendment with swine manure slurry (10% v/w). Total extractable radioactivity and mineralization are indicated in the left panels (unmanured soils with closed symbols, manured soils with open symbols). Each point and error bars represent the mean value of three replicate samples and corresponding standard deviation. The distributions of extractable radioactivity in parent compound and transformation products resolved by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)–radioactivity detection (RD) are indicated in the right panels. The height of the total bars corresponds to total extractable radioactivity and the height for each compound is the mean value of three replicate measurements.

View larger version (45K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Testosterone dissipation in (A) nonsterile soil amended with nonsterile manure, (B) nonsterile soil amended with sterilized manure, (C) sterilized soil amended with nonsterile manure, and (D) sterilized soil amended with sterilized manure. All experiments with loam soil incubated at 30°C. Results are shown for mineralization and total extractable radioactivity in the left panels (manured treatments are shown as open symbols, unmanured treatments as closed symbols). Each point and error bars represent the mean value of three replicate samples and corresponding standard deviation. The relative distribution of testosterone and transformation products in soil extracts is shown in the right panels. The height of the total bars corresponds to total extractable radioactivity and the height for each compound is the mean value of three replicate measurements.

View larger version (38K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. 17ß-Estradiol dissipation in (A) nonsterile soil amended with nonsterile manure, (B) nonsterile soil amended with sterilized manure, (C) sterilized soil amended with nonsterile manure, and (D) sterilized soil amended with sterilized manure. All experiments with loam soil incubated at 30°C. Results are shown for mineralization and total extractable radioactivity in the left panels (manured treatments are shown as open symbols, unmanured treatments as closed symbols). Each point and error bars represent the mean value of three replicate samples and corresponding standard deviation. The relative distribution of 17ß-estradiol and estrone in soil extracts is shown in the right panels. The height of the total bars corresponds to total extractable radioactivity and the height for each compound is the mean value of three replicate measurements.