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Persistent Organic Pollutants in Source-Separated Compost and Its Feedstock Materials—A Review of Field Studies

^a Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology (CECOTOX), Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
^b Agroscope FAL Reckenholz, Swiss Federal Institute for Agroecology and Agriculture, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zürich, Switzerland
^c National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307-3000

View larger version (11K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Sum of 16 USEPA polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( 16 PAHs; µg/kg dry wt.) in kitchen waste (not available [NA]), organic household waste (n = 69, one study only), green waste (n = 31), foliage (n = 13, one study only), shrub clippings (NA), bark (n = 18, one study only), grass (NA), compost containing organic household waste (n = 78), and compost originating from green waste (n = 23). Line: median; dotted line: mean; box: 25th and 75th percentile; lines with whiskers: 10th and 90th percentile; dots: outside values.

View larger version (11K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Sum of six polychlorinated biphenyls ( 6 PCBs; µg/kg dry wt.) in kitchen waste (n = 8, one study only), organic household waste (n = 82), green waste (n = 41), foliage (n = 29), shrub clippings (n = 12, one study only), bark (n = 20), grass (n = 39), compost containing organic household waste (n = 124), and compost originating from green waste (n = 55). Line: median; dotted line: mean; box: 25th and 75th percentile; lines with whiskers: 10th and 90th percentile; dots: outside values.

View larger version (11K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Sum of 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans ( 17 PCDD/Fs; ng international toxicity equivalent [I-TEQ]/kg dry wt.) in kitchen waste (n = 9, one study only), organic household waste (n = 9), green waste (n = 9), foliage (n = 28), shrub clippings (n = 12, one study only), bark (n = 4), grass (n = 36), compost containing biowaste (n = 124), and compost originating from green waste (n = 61). Line: median; dotted line: mean; box: 25th and 75th percentile; lines with whiskers: 10th and 90th percentile; dots: outside values.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Sum of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( 16 PAHs; µg/kg dry wt.) versus sum of six polychlorinated biphenyls ( 6 PCBs; µg/kg dry wt.) measured in the same samples of (a) organic household waste (n = 68), green waste (n = 29), and bark (n = 18), and (b) compost containing organic household waste (n = 67) and compost originating from green waste (n = 20). No concomitant PCB and PAH analysis is available for kitchen waste, foliage, shrub clippings, and grass. For illustration, the regression line (forced through zero) from all available data is added.

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Sum of 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans ( 17 PCDD/Fs; ng international toxicity equivalent [I-TEQ]/kg dry wt.) versus sum of six polychlorinated biphenyls ( 6 PCBs; µg/kg dry wt.) measured in the same samples of (a) kitchen waste (n = 7), organic household waste (n = 9), green waste (n = 9), foliage (n = 28), shrub clippings (n = 12), bark (n = 2), and grass (n = 36), and (b) compost containing organic household waste (n = 111) and compost originating from green waste (n = 50). For illustration, the regression line (forced through zero) from all available data is added.