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Effect of Petroleum-Containing Wastewater Irrigation on Bacterial Diversities and Enzymatic Activities in a Paddy Soil Irrigation Area

^a Key Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecological Process, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
^b Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10039, China
^c Shenyang Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110044, China

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Distribution and irrigated history of soil sampling sites in the Shenfu irrigation area. Site A is located at the upstream area and was changed to ground water irrigation more than 30 yr ago. Site B is located at the upstream area and was changed to upland 30 yr ago. Site C is located at the third plot of the branch channel in the upstream area and has been irrigated by wastewater. Site D is located at the sixth plot of the branch channel in the upstream area and has been irrigated by wastewater. Site E is located at the ninth plot of the branch channel in the upstream area and has been irrigated by wastewater. Site F is located at the upper reach of the mid-stream area and has been irrigated by wastewater. Site G is located at the middle reach of the mid-stream area and has been irrigated by wastewater. Site H is located at the lower reach of the mid-stream area and has been irrigated by wastewater. Site I is located at the upper reach of the downstream area and was changed to ground water irrigation 10 yr ago. Site J is located at the middle reach of the downstream area and has been irrigated by wastewater. Site K is located at the lower reach of the downstream area and was changed to upland 10 yr ago. Site L is located at the lower reach of the downstream area and was changed to ground water irrigation 10 yr ago. Site M is located at the end of the channel and was changed to ground water irrigation 20 yr ago.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentrations of soil samples in the Shenfu irrigation area. Error bars (n = 3) indicate standard deviations.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Total numbers of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria (AHB) in the Shenfu irrigation area. Error bars (n = 4) indicate standard deviations.

View larger version (144K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of soil bacterial communities in the Shenfu irrigation area.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. A dendrogram representation of a hierarchical cluster analysis of the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles.