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Modeling Carbon and Nitrogen Transformations for Adjustment of Compost Application with Nitrogen Uptake by Wheat

^a Department of Soil Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O.B. 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
^b Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Research Center, D.N. Negev 85280, Israel
^c Present address: Réseau des Missions Déchets, APCA-Chambres d'Agriculture 9, Avenue George V, F-75008 Paris, France

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Mineral N concentrations (a, b) and rates of CO2 emission (c, d) from sewage sludge compost (SSC) (a, c) and cattle manure compost (CMC) (b, d) incubated in soil, as affected by application rate (3, 6, and 12% compost in soil). Symbols represent means of two replicates and lines are simulated results. The terms sim and meas stand for simulated and measured, respectively.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Mineral N concentrations from sewage sludge compost (SSC) and cattle manure compost (CMC) applied at a rate of 3% and incubated in soil for 370 d. Symbols represent means of two replicates and lines are simulated results. The terms sim and meas stand for simulated and measured, respectively.

View larger version (37K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Nitrogen uptake by wheat (shoots measured and roots calculated) and mineral N concentrations measured in soil through the third year of wheat grown in soil after three successive years of application of sewage sludge compost (SSC) (a, b, c) and cattle manure compost (CMC) (d, e, f) at three rates (3, 6, and 12 kg m–2 yr–1), versus simulated mineral N concentrations and net N mineralization in soil–compost mixtures. The concentration of mineral N was measured as mg kg–1 and converted to g m–2. Each point represents the mean of four replicates and the bars represent the SE.

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. The effect of root deposits on simulations of net mineralization and mineral N concentrations (compared with observed data represented by symbols) at the high rate of application (12 kg m–2 yr–1) of sewage sludge compost (SSC) and cattle manure compost (CMC). The concentration of mineral N was measured as mg kg–1 and converted to g m–2. Each point represents the mean of four replicates and the bars represent the SE.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. The effect of temperature coefficient for mineralization rate (Q10) on simulations of mineral N concentrations (compared with measured data represented by symbols) at the high dose of application (12 kg m–2 yr–1) of sewage sludge compost (SSC) and cattle manure compost (CMC). The concentration of mineral N was measured as mg kg–1 and converted to g m–2. Each point represents the mean of four replicates and the bars represent the SE.

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Mineral N content in soil, simulated for different scenarios aimed to satisfy the demand for N by a reference wheat crop (Kafkafi and Halevy, 1974). Symbols indicate the N uptake by the reference wheat crop: Line 1, continuous N uptake; Line 2, simulated mineral N in sandy soil following 17 and 20 kg m–2 sewage sludge compost (SSC) and cattle manure compost (CMC) applications, respectively; Line 3, simulated mineral N in agricultural soil following application of 6 kg m–2 of SSC with 12 g N m–2 or 6 kg m–2 of CMC with 13 g N m–2; Line 4, simulated mineral N in depleted sandy soil following application of 6 kg m–2 of SSC with 20 g N m–2 or 6 kg m–2 of CMC with 23 g N m–2. Arrows on the x axis indicate timing of mineral N applications on Days 14 and 35.