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Copper Availability in Seven Israeli Soils Incubated with and without Biosolids

I. W. Olivera,*, A. Hassb, G. Merringtonc, P. Fineb and M. J. McLaughlina,d

a Soil & Land Systems, University of Adelaide, PMB 1 Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia 5064
b Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Centre, POB 6 Bet Dagan, 50250 Israel
c Environment Agency, Chemicals Team, Howbery Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BD, United Kingdom
d Division of Land & Water, CSIRO, PMB 2 Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia 5064



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  		Fig. 1. Calibration curve constructed to determine cupric ion activity (pCu2+) from mV readings. The slope deviates slightly from the ideal Nernstian response of –29.58 mV.

 


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  		Fig. 2. Organic carbon content (g kg–1) before and after 7 yr of incubation for (a) soils and (b) soil–biosolid mixtures (amended soils). Error bars indicate 2x standard errors (n = 2). NO, Nahal-Oz; G4, Golan 4; G37, Golan 37; MM, Mitzpe Masuah; TR, Terra Rossa; NET, Netanya 6; DS, dune sand.

 


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  		Fig. 3. pH before and after 7 yr of incubation for (a) soils and (b) soil–biosolid mixtures (amended soils). Error bars indicate 2x standard errors (n = 2). NO, Nahal-Oz; G4, Golan 4; G37, Golan 37; MM, Mitzpe Masuah; TR, Terra Rossa; NET, Netanya 6; DS, dune sand.

 


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  		Fig. 4. Isotopically exchangeable copper (CuE, mg kg–1) before and after 7 yr of incubation for (a) soils and (b) soil–biosolid mixtures (amended soils). Error bars indicate 2x standard errors (n = 3). NO, Nahal-Oz; G4, Golan 4; G37, Golan 37; MM, Mitzpe Masuah; TR, Terra Rossa; NET, Netanya 6; DS, dune sand.

 


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  		Fig. 5. Cupric ion activity (pCu2+) in CaCl2 extracts before and after 7 yr of incubation for (a) soils and (b) soil–biosolid mixtures (amended soils). Error bars indicate 2x standard errors (n = 2). NO, Nahal-Oz; G4, Golan 4; G37, Golan 37; MM, Mitzpe Masuah; TR, Terra Rossa; NET, Netanya 6; DS, dune sand.

 




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