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Occurrence and Fate of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in Biosolids

^a Department of Crop & Soil Sciences, 3111 Miller Plant Sciences Building, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
^b Department of Civil Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-2905
^c Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-1339

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Experimental correlation between octanol–water partition coefficient (Kow) of some chlorinated organic compounds and their partition coefficients (Kp) for sewage sludge (based on weight of organic matter in the sludge solid phase). Vertical dotted lines indicate the boundary for sorption tendency of organic compounds on the sludge solid phase (data adopted from Dobbs et al., 1989; Rogers, 1996, with permission).

View larger version (37K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. General procedures for pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) analysis in sediment samples. A summary of methods is cited in Table 4. GC, gas chromatography; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; IC, ion chromatography; LC, liquid chromatography; MS, mass spectrometry.

View larger version (31K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. General procedures for pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) analysis in water samples. A summary of methods is cited in Table 4. GC, gas chromatography; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; IC, ion chromatography; LC, liquid chromatography; MS, mass spectrometry.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Conceptual trend for the persistence of organic chemicals in biosolids-amended soils. Curve A is for compounds that are volatile, water soluble, or easily degraded; Curves B and C are for compounds with intermediate sorption potential on biosolids; Curve D is for compounds whose initial degradation is rate-limited because the microbial population has not acclimated to the compounds; and Curve E is for compounds that are nonvolatile, relatively water insoluble, and recalcitrant (Beck et al., 1996, with permission).

View larger version (51K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Concentrations of nonylphenol (NP) in biosolids and composts from 13 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Georgia, South Carolina, and Kansas. The numbers indicate the WWTPs listed in the table below the graph. b, Biosolids; c, compost; c-3mo, biosolids composted for 3 months; c-12mo, biosolids composted for 12 months; nd, not detectable (Xia and Pillar, 2003).

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Removal of nonylphenol (NP) during aerobic composting of biosolids (BS) mixed with wood shavings (WS) at different ratios and different incubation temperatures.