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Near- and Mid-Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy for Measuring Soil Metal Content

^a Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, Pulawy, Poland
^b USDA-ARS, Environmental Quality Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705

View larger version (31K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Location of 70 sampling sites within Tarnowskie Gory region, Poland. Samples marked as empty dots, triangles, and squares are outliers in near-infrared (NIR), mid-infrared (MIDIR), or both NIR and MIDIR calibrations, respectively, for at least two metals.

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Summary statistics for selected properties of soils collected in Tarnowskie Gory region. Error bars are presented with median (solid line), mean (dash line), 10th and 90th percentiles (whiskers), and all samples with property values outside 10th and 90th percentiles (dots).

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Summary statistics for total metal contents in soils collected in Tarnowskie Gory region. Error bars are presented with median (solid line), mean (dash line), 10th and 90th percentiles (whiskers), and all samples with metal content outside 10th and 90th percentiles (dots).

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIDIR) spectra of two samples selected at random from the data set.

View larger version (36K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. The relationships between values measured by the standard procedure and predicted using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS).

View larger version (34K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. The relationships between values measured by the standard procedure and predicted using diffuse mid-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (DRIFTS).

View larger version (32K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Residual error distribution for diffuse mid-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Units for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn are mg kg–1; for Fe, g kg–1. Dashed lines indicate standard deviations.

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. The relationships between metal content measured by the standard procedure and residuals using diffuse mid-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (DRIFTS).

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Correlation coefficients between near-infrared (NIR) absorbance and metals content.

View larger version (39K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Correlation coefficients between mid-infrared (MIDIR) absorbance and metals content.

View larger version (32K): [in a new window]   Fig. 11. The relationships between soil properties and accuracy of metal predictions using mid-infrared (MIDIR) and near-infrared (NIR) data.