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The Reduction of Internal Phosphorus Loading Using Alum in Spring Lake, Michigan

^a Annis Water Resources Inst., Grand Valley State Univ., 740 West Shoreline Dr., Muskegon, MI 49441
^b Soil and Water Science Dep., Inst. of Food and Agric. Sci., 106 Newell Hall, P.O. Box 110510, Gainesville, FL 32611-0510

View larger version (53K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Site map of Spring Lake. Bottom panel: County outline of Michigan's lower peninsula, with blow-up of Ottawa County and location of Spring Lake (in box). Top panel: Blow-up of box from lower panel, showing Spring Lake and location of four sampling sites.

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Selected limnological characteristics (temperature, dissolved oxygen, and chlorophyll a) at Sites 1 to 4. Note different scales for the depth axis.

View larger version (31K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Total phosphorus (TP) release rates for sediment cores from Sites 1 to 4, exposed to four different treatments. O2 refers to aerobic treatment; N2 refers to anaerobic treatment. Data are means (n = 3) ± 1 SD. Note different scales for the y axis.

View larger version (50K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Top panel: concentration of NaOH–Pi (Fe/Al-bound P) in Spring Lake sediments. Bottom panel: Concentration of HCl–Pi (Ca/Mg-bound P) in Spring Lake sediments. O2 = aerobic treatment; N2 = anaerobic treatment; T = alum; C = control. Data are means (n = 3) ± 1 SD. Results from the ANOVA are presented in upper right corner of each panel.