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Water-Soluble and Solid-State Speciation of Phosphorus in Stabilized Sewage Sludge

Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76-100, Israel

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the ferrous sulfate (Fe-sul)-stabilized and untreated (the lowest Fe to P molar ratio) sludge. Mineral symbols are as follows: BR, brushite; G, gypsum; VA, ferrian variscite; LI, lipscombite; RO, rozenite; SD, siderotil; HJ, hydronium jarosite; MG, magnetite; CR, cristabalite; Q, quartz; C, calcite; V, vaterite; and DO, dolomite.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Effect of chemical addition on water-soluble organic carbon (DOC) concentration in the treated and untreated (the lowest metal to P molar ratio for each treatment) sludge. Data are the averages and standard deviations of three replicates.

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Effect of chemical addition on the pH of water extracts (1:60, 16 h) from treated and untreated (the lowest metal to P molar ratio for each treatment) sludge. Data are the averages of three replicates; standard deviations were lower than 0.12 in all cases.

View larger version (57K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Electron micrographs of ferrous sulfate (Fe-sul)-stabilized sludge (Fe to P ratio = 0.58) showing location of Ca, Fe, S, and P, respectively. The particles of (a) Fe-P, (b) Ca-P, and (c) gypsum are shown on the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image (left).

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the CaO-stabilized and untreated (the lowest Ca to P molar ratio) sludge. Mineral symbols are as follows: PO, portlandite; CR, cristabalite; Q, quartz; C, calcite; V, vaterite; and DO, dolomite.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the alum-stabilized and untreated (the lowest Al to P molar ratio) sludge. Mineral symbols are as follows: BR, brushite; G, gypsum; VA, variscite; AL, alunogen; ST, aluminaum strengite; CR, cristabalite; Q, quartz; C, calcite; V, vaterite; and DO, dolomite.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Typical X-ray spectra (energy-dispersive X-ray elemental spectrometry, EDXS) of particles of alum-stabilized sludge (Al to P ratio = 1.04). The element content is given in g kg–1 as calculated by the ZAF method: (A) P = 91.4, Ca = 125.7, Al = 17.1, and S = 24.1 for the Ca-P particle; (B) P = 8.2, Ca = 136.7, Al = 11.5, and S = 116.2 for the Ca-S particle.