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Photodegradation of the Endocrine-Disrupting Chemical 4-Nonylphenol in Biosolids Applied to Soil

^a Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, 3111 Plant Sciences Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
^b Department of Renewable Resources, University of Louisiana, P.O. Box 44650, Lafayette, LA 70504

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Schematic diagram for the cell used in the photodegradation study (modified from Balmer et al., 2000). Pyrex glass is adequate for our experiment in which near-soil-surface sunlight (terrestrial light) (wavelength > 290 nm; Schwarzenbach et al., 1993) is of interest. Pyrex glass does not completely block UV light between 290 and 325 nm. It is more transparent to UV light with wavelength > 325 nm than quartz.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Concentrations of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) in biosolids in top-5-mm and bottom-10-mm layers exposed (solid circle) and unexposed (solid triangle) to artificial sunlight. The term C/Ci is the concentration ratio of 4-NP at each sampling point to its initial concentration.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Concentrations of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) in compost in top-5-mm and bottom-10-mm layers exposed (solid circle) and unexposed (solid triangle) to artificial sunlight. The term C/Ci is the concentration ratio of 4-NP at each sampling point to its initial concentration.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Levels of nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPnEOs) in the top-5-mm layer of biosolids exposed (open triangle) and unexposed (open circle) to artificial sunlight.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Concentrations of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) in soil and biosolids mixture (1:1 weight ratio) in the top-5-mm layer exposed (solid circle) and unexposed (solid triangle) to artificial sunlight. The term C/Ci is the concentration ratio of 4-NP at each sampling point to its initial concentration.

View larger version (10K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Photolysis of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) in a solution containing fulvic acid at 5 mg L–1. The term C/Ci is the concentration ratio of 4-NP at each sampling point to its initial concentration.