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In Situ Speciation Studies of Copper–Humic Substances in a Contaminated Soil during Electrokinetic Remediation

Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. A schematic diagram of the in situ extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) cell.

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Soil Cu and Al concentrations and pH values in the soil between electrodes after 180 min of electrokinetic remediation (EKR).

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the Cu-contaminated soil (a) before and (b) after (180 min) the electrokinetic remediation (EKR).

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Carbon-13 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the Cu-contaminated soil (a) before and (b) after (180 min) the electrokinetic remediation (EKR).

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra of the Cu-contaminated soil (a) before and (b) after (180 min) the electrokinetic remediation (EKR).

View larger version (33K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. In situ X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra and their first derivative of the Cu-contaminated soil treated by electrokinetic remediation (EKR) for (a) 0, (b) 60, (c) 120, and (d) 180 min. Solid lines and circles represent experimental data and the least-square fits, respectively. Dotted lines denote fractional contributions of the five main components (Cu–humic substances [HS], CuCO3, CuO, Cu2O, and aqueous Cu2+) making up the fitted spectra.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Time dependence for (a) dissolution and (b) electromigration of Cu in the soil during electrokinetic remediation (EKR).

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Normalized Cu extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) k2–weighted chi (left panel) and corresponding Fourier transforms (right panel) of the Cu-contaminated soil treated by electrokinetic remediation (EKR) for (a) 0, (b) 60, (c) 120, and (d) 180 min. Dotted and solid lines denote the fitting and experimental data, respectively.

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. The possible reaction path for Cu–humic substances (HS) complexes involved in the electrokinetic remediation (EKR) process.