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Nitrate Removal in Riparian Wetlands

Interactions between Surface Flow and Soils

National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 11-115, Hamilton, New Zealand

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Map of the North Island, New Zealand, showing the location of the study site.

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Plan views of (a) the catchment, (b) the wetland, (c) elevations of four transects across the wetland, and (d) elevation of XS6 showing the approximate depth of the clay layer surveyed after the surface soils were washed out.

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Sketch of the experimental enclosure. The diffuser was 150 cm upslope from the collector boxes.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Conductivity at the outlet (solid) following surface injections of LiBr. Also shown is mean and maximum (dashed) conductivity in piezometers 5 to 15 cm deep. Background conductivity has been subtracted.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Tracer injection rate (thin) and outlet conductivity (thick) during the first 90 min of Experiments 1 and 2. Quick flow is separated by a straight line (dash) drawn from the time when tracer was first detected at the outlet to the point of inflexion after the peak. Flow was low during Experiment 1, but was increased for Experiment 2 by diverting an upstream spring.

View larger version (12K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. The variation of saturated hydraulic conductivity with depth in wetland soils. Measurements were made in the laboratory using soil cores. Error bars are ±1 SD. The fitted line (see Eq. [4]) has a root mean square error of ±56%.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Observed conductivity, nitrate and bromide concentrations, flow, and NO3–N to Br ratio in the top collector following surface injection of tracer during Experiment 3. Rain occurred 32 h after injection.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Conceptual diagram showing the important flow pathways inferred from experimental results.