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Sequence-Based Source Tracking of Escherichia coli Based on Genetic Diversity of ß-Glucuronidase

^a Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
^b Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
^c U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit, MI 48226

View larger version (56K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Sampling sites on Lake St. Clair and the Clinton River in Michigan. Sites 1 through 11 were sampled in the present study. Sites 12 through 14 are relevant sites discussed from other studies (Selegean et al., 2001; M. Samadpour, unpublished data [microbial source tracking study of the Blossom Heath Beach, report for Macomb County Department of Public Works, 2001]).

View larger version (76K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Frequencies and sequences of the 60 most frequently observed alleles in environmental isolates. Horizontal bars represent the percent of all sequenced isolates, out of 941, that had the indicated sequence. At the right, the sequence of each allele is indicated as differences from a reference sequence, S69414 in GenBank, encoded as xny, where x = the base in the reference sequence, n = the position in the reference sequence at which the base is changed, and y = the base found in the allele. The length of each allele's list of sequence differences is proportional to the number of bases differing from S69414, as represented by the scale on the bottom axis.

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Genetically related groups in a dendrogram of the 60 E. coli ß-glucuronidase alleles illustrated in Fig. 2.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Frequencies of alleles of Groups A through K at Red Run–Bear Creek (Sites 9 and 10), lower Clinton River (Sites 3, 4, 5, and 6), and Metro and Memorial beaches (Sites 1 and 2). Groups D and E were combined because of low frequencies.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Average frequencies (mean ± standard error) that isolates from Red Run–Bear Creek (Sites 9 and 10), lower Clinton River (Sites 3, 4, 5, and 6), and Metro and Memorial beaches (Sites 1 and 2) were assigned to host categories of human, birds, pets, or farm animals on seven sampling dates. Indicated percentages are out of the isolates that could be assigned by reference to known source isolates, leaving out isolates of uidA1 and alleles not observed in reference fecal isolates. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), hosts, p < 0.001; sites within hosts, p < 0.02; *, significantly different from beaches within a particular host; and #, significantly different from humans within that collection site (Student–Newman–Keuls pairwise comparisons, p < 0.05).