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Concentration–Time Exposure Index for Modeling Soil Fumigation under Various Management Scenarios

^a Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
^b Dow AgroSciences, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Simulated and measured concentration–time (CT; mg h kg–1) in relation to nematode survival: a comparison with laboratory data from Xue et al. (2000).

View larger version (63K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Spatial distribution of air-phase concentration (µg cm–3) of 1,3-dichloropropene under a 102-cm-wide field bed at (a) 3, (b) 5, (c) 7, and (d) 10 d after application by drip irrigation at a 30-cm depth and 327 kg ha–1 in a sandy loam soil.

View larger version (71K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Concentration–time (CT, µg h cm–3) of 1,3-dichloropropene under a 102-cm-wide field bed at (a) 3, (b) 5, (c) 7, and (d) 10 d after application by drip irrigation at a 30-cm depth and 327 kg ha–1 in a sandy loam soil.

View larger version (60K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Spatial distribution of air-phase concentration (µg cm–3) of 1,3-dichloropropene under a 203-cm-wide field bed at (a) 3, (b) 5, (c) 7, and (d) 10 d after application by drip irrigation at a 30-cm depth and 327 kg ha–1 in a sandy loam soil.

View larger version (82K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Concentration–time (CT, µg h cm–3) of 1,3-dichloropropene under a 203-cm-wide field bed at (a) 3, (b) 5, (c) 7, and (d) 10 d after application by drip irrigation at a 30-cm depth and 327 kg ha–1 in a sandy loam soil.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Soil type effects on concentration–time exposure index (CTEI) (a) mean, (b) standard deviation or SD, and (c) coefficient of variance or CV of the top-100-cm profile calculated from 1000 realizations using a Monte Carlo procedure for 1,3-dichloropropene efficacy against citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) using a threshold air-phase CT value of 12 µg h cm–3 (Wang and Yates, 1999). Fields are 102-cm-wide beds. Application depth = 30 cm; application dosage = 327 kg ha–1.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Field configuration effects on concentration–time exposure index (CTEI) of the top-100-cm profile of a sandy loam soil calculated for 1,3-dichloropropene efficacy against citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) using a threshold air-phase CT value of 12 µg h cm–3 obtained from a field study (Wang and Yates, 1999). Application depth = 30 cm; application dosage = 327 kg ha–1.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Dosage effects on concentration–time exposure index (CTEI) of the top-100-cm profile of a sandy loam soil calculated for 1,3-dichloropropene efficacy against citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) using a threshold air-phase CT value of 12 µg h cm–3 obtained from a field study (Wang and Yates, 1999). Fields are 102-cm-wide beds. Application depth = 30 cm.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Effects of application depth on concentration–time exposure index (CTEI) of the top-100-cm profile of a sandy loam soil calculated for 1,3-dichloropropene efficacy against citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) using a threshold air-phase CT value of 12 µg h cm–3 obtained from a field study (Wang and Yates, 1999). Fields are 102-cm-wide beds. Application dosage = 327 kg ha–1.