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Pyrene Degradation in Forest Humus Microcosms with or without Pine and its Mycorrhizal Fungus

^a Department of Biosciences, Division of General Microbiology, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 9), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
^b Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 9), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
^c Department of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FIN-15140 Lahti, Finland
^d VTT Biotechnology, Tietotie 2, Espoo, P.O. Box 1500, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland

View larger version (72K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. (a) Two-dimensional microcosm (without the front acrylic plate; the thickness of the humus layer is 5 mm) photographed about two months after planting the Scots pine seedling (4.5 months old) infected with fungus Paxillus involutus. (b) Nonplanted microcosm. Note the mosses growing at the edges of the microcosms and mycorrhizas (marked with arrowheads). When the microcosms were about one month old, an area of 25 cm2 (marked with asterisks) was excised (Region I) and replaced by an implant consisting of natural humus with pyrene (0 or 100 mg kg–1) or a mixture of natural humus and waste oil soil as described in Table 1. The implanted microcosms were equilibrated in the growth room for one month. Then each implant was spiked with 0.2 g of humus containing 105 disintegrations per minute (dpm) of 14C-pyrene (0.15 µg).

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Design of the growth chamber for collecting 14CO2 and volatile organic compounds. Each glass chamber (260 x 40 x 330 mm) contained one microcosm. The chambers were connected to wash bottles of glass containing 2 M NaOH to trap CO2 and an activated carbon trap. Air was withdrawn from the growth chamber and pumped through the traps at 700 mL h–1.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Cumulative yields of 14CO2 from the two-dimensional microcosms after spiking with 14C-pyrene as described in Table 1. Open circles denote microcosms with Scots pine and Paxillus involutus and an implant of humus plus waste oil soil (PO/0.95); solid circles denote microcosms containing an implant of humus plus waste oil soil (O/0.95); open squares denote microcosms with Scots pine and P. involutus and an implant of humus with pyrene (PH/91.2); solid squares denote microcosms with an implant of humus with pyrene (H/91.2); open triangles denote microcosms with Scots pine and P. involutus and an implant of humus with pyrene (PH/0.07); and solid triangles denote microcosms containing an implant of humus with pyrene (H/0.07). Each line gives the 14CO2 emitted by three parallel microcosms. The bars indicate the standard deviation.