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Evaluating Microbial Purification during Soil Treatment of Wastewater with Multicomponent Tracer and Surrogate Tests

^a Environmental Science and Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401
^b Water Resources Division, United States Geological Survey, Boulder, CO 80303

View larger version (41K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Schematic of the three-dimensional pilot-scale soil treatment system.

View larger version (36K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Illustration of field full-scale system with monitoring locations. IS, infiltrative surface.

View larger version (55K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Time to appearance of bromide tracer in the percolate at 10 and 50% of the applied concentration (BT10 and BT50, respectively) and their ratio at system start-up after 8 and 45 wk of operation. AF-60, aggregate-free infiltrative surface with 60-cm vadose zone; AL-90, aggregate-laden with 90-cm vadose zone.

View larger version (58K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Percent removal of total applied PRD-1 and MS-2 bacteriophage after 8 and 45 wk of operation. L2, open, 90-cm vadose zone; L3, gravel, 90 cm; L4, gravel, 60 cm; L5 open, 60 cm.

View larger version (56K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Soil core extracted densities of MS-2, PRD-1, and fecal coliform (FC). No MS-2 was detected in any of the lysimeter core samples. Influent concentrations for lysimeter study (dosed at Week 45, soil cores taken at Week 48) were 1 x 106 PFU/mL. Blank columns represent nondetectable levels.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Concentrations of MS-2 and PRD-1 bacteriophages and the conservative tracer (bromide) in the dosing chamber at Field Site 2 over time.

View larger version (48K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Bromide, MS-2, and PRD-1 levels in soil core extracts collected at Field Sites 2 (sampled 21 d following tracer addition), 10, 12, 14, and 16 (sampled 7 to 9 d following addition of surrogates and tracer to the septic tank effluent [STE] being applied). Detection limits are: bromide at 0.1 mg/L (ponding) or mg/kg dry soil and MS-2 and PRD-1 at 1 plaque forming unit (pfu)/mL (ponding) or g of dry soil. Zero values (blank bars) represent nondetects. Site 2 was wet with no ponding; bromide was not detected in soil cores. IS, infiltrative surface.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Bacteriophages MS-2 and PRD-1 in Field Site 2 septic tank effluent (STE) during incubation at 20 and 4°C. Note that all samples were run in duplicate and the average percent difference was 11%.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Relationship between soil fecal coliform and bacteriophages levels measured in co-located field soil core samples. Dashed line represents 1:1 relationship. The MS-2 samples were less than fecal coliform in 97% of samples; PRD-1 were less than fecal coliform (FC) in 94% of samples.

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Soil solid versus percolate values for E. coli added to columns filled with medium sand (0.017 wt. % total organic carbon [TOC]) or silty sand (0.225 wt. % TOC). Dashed line represents 1:1 relationship where percolate sample value equals soil solid extracted value.

View larger version (33K): [in a new window]   Fig. 11. Virus removal simulation (assuming first-order removal with respect to concentration) with increasing time of operation. Conditions: 1 x 107 plaque forming unit (pfu)/mL of virus added in septic tank effluent (STE) dosed at 5 cm/d. IZ, infiltrative zone (0–4 cm); VZ, vadose zone (4–60 cm).