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Degradation and Mobility of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate and Nonylphenol in Sludge-Amended Soil

^a Risø National Laboratory, Plant Research Department, Building PRD-301, Post Office Box 49, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
^b The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Chemistry Department, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
^c The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Experimental setup of the lysimeter study. The lysimeters consists of a PVC cylinder packed with a loamy sand soil, a PVC funnel with coarse sand and gravel, and a PVC bottle for collection of leachate. The lysimeters were placed underground and the leachate was collected from the bottles with an electrical pump.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Degradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and nonylphenol (NP) in the top-15-cm soil layer in the lysimeters during the 110-d experimental period. Each point represents the average concentration of samples from three lysimeters and one duplicate measurement, and the error bars represent the standard deviation. Inserted in the top right corner are the first-order degradation curves for Days 10 to 110 with equations and correlation coefficients (r2): log([LAS]t/[LAS]0) = –0.01512 x t – 0.7060 (r2 = 0.9239); log([NP]t/[NP]0) = –0.00812 x t – 0.3522 (r2 = 0.9132).

View larger version (33K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Relative distribution of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) homologs at the days of sampling in the lysimeter study. Columns 1 and 2 represent the relative distribution of LAS homologs in Isorchem (a commercial LAS product) and the sewage sludge used in this study, respectively. The other columns represent the distribution measured in the soil samples taken from the top soil layer (0–15 cm) in the lysimeters on the respective days. Error bars represent the standard deviation of four replicate measurements.