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Effects of Smelter Sulfur Dioxide Emissions

A Spatiotemporal Perspective Using Carbon Isotopes in Tree Rings

^a Natural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada, 880 Chemin Ste-Foy, Bureau 840, QC, Canada G1S 2L2
^b INRS-ETE, 880 Chemin Ste-Foy, Bureau 840, B.P. 7500, Sainte-Foy, QC, Canada G1V 4C7

View larger version (61K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Location of the studied sites and meteorological stations.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Carbon isotope results obtained for three specimens selected at the test site.

View larger version (34K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. (a) Pearson correlation matrix of the main parameters potentially influencing the 13C of stem cellulose, where GI is growth index (df = 51, critical value = 0.35 at a confidence level of 99%). (b) Smelter feed along with particulate and SO2 emissions. (c) Average 13CVPDB results relative to the 1920–1921 value, and average summer precipitation through time at the test site. The term VPDB indicates the international standard which was used for reporting the relative abundances of 13C via the delta notation; VPDB is a carbonate provided by IAEA in Vienna (V) as a replacement of the former international standard Peedee Belemnite (PDB).

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Individual curves of the dendrochronological 13C series for three trees at the control site.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Average 13C results of the two trees analyzed at a 2-yr resolution, and average precipitation and temperature during July and August, relative to time at the control site.

View larger version (31K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Carbon isotope results for all Rouyn–Noranda sites compared with results obtained for the control site and compiled from the literature.

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Representation of changing 13C results in space during the smelter-operating period (1930–2000). (a) Average and maximum values at all sites. (b) First year of the 10 consecutive ring-pairs showing the highest 13C values for each site of the Rouyn–Noranda region.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Comparison of 13C values for series from unpolluted sites of the Northern Hemisphere drawn from the literature, with theoretical values if changes in isotope ratios and concentrations of atmospheric CO2 were the causes of changes in tree rings.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Potential reduction percentage of photosynthesis through time at the test site, compared with the average percentage calculated for trees from unpolluted sites.