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Modeling Surface Water Critical Loads with PROFILE

Possibilities and Challenges

Department of Environmental Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden

View larger version (38K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Conceptual model of a forest soil as used by the PROFILE model. The soil layers represent the organic (O horizon), eluvial (E horizon), illuvial (B horizon), and the underlying mineral soil that are little affected by pedogenic processes (C horizon). The figure is extracted and modified from Alveteg (1998).

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Location of lakes for which paleolimnological investigations of acidification history have been undertaken (Renberg et al., 1993; Korsman et al., 1994; Korsman and Birks, 1996; Korsman, 1999) together with an enlargement of the study area from which soil property distributions were created.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Distribution of soil depths (n = 158) along the transect of power pylons.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Distribution of soil texture illustrated as classes and corresponding mineral surface area. Loss on ignition (2.5%) has been used to account for nonmineral surfaces.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Distribution of moisture classes and corresponding soil water content.

View larger version (36K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Frequency plot of preindustrial acid neutralizing capacity (ANCo) calculated by the PROFILE model (n = 1500). Dotted lines correspond to the medians of the distributions. The paleolimnological reconstructions (n = 5) are indicated including the uncertainty range (standard error of prediction, ±30 µmolc L-1).

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Cumulative distributions showing the individual parameters' contribution to the whole variation in preindustrial acid neutralizing capacity (ANCo).

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. The PROFILE model (frequency plot), using a calibrated annual average hydrological soil depth, compared with the Diatom model. Error bars indicate the associated uncertainty (standard error of prediction, ±30 µmolc L-1) of the Diatom model.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Acid neutralizing capacity as a function of residence time in a soil profile using different sets of weathering brakes. Changing the amount of water flow through the profile created the time series.