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Phenols and Flavonoids in Aleppo Pine Needles as Bioindicators of Air Pollution

^a LBEM/IMEP–UMR CNRS 6116, Université de Provence, Centre de St. Jérome, Case 421 Bis 13 397 Marseille, Cedex 20, France
^b Université de Corse, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Equipe Ecosystèmes littoraux, B.P. 52, 20250 Corte, France

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Localization of study sites.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Mean concentrations of total phenolic compounds in needles of Aleppo pine (mg gallic acid g-1 dry matter ± standard deviation) for the various study sites.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Concentrations of total proanthocyanidins in needles of Aleppo pine (optical density [OD] ± standard deviation) for the various study sites.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Mean concentrations of total flavonols in needles of Aleppo pine (mg of quercetin g-1 dry matter ± standard deviation) for the various study sites.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Two-dimensional mapping of the principal component analysis performed for total phenols, total proanthocyanidins, total flavonols, and air pollutants.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Mean concentrations of simple flavonols (in mg g-1 dry matter ± standard deviation) for the whole set of study sites.