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Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Campylobacter Contamination Underlying Public Health Risk in the Taieri River, New Zealand

^a Ecology and Health Research Centre, Department of Public Health, Wellington School of Medicine, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, New Zealand
^b Freshwater Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
^c Spatial Information Research Centre, Department of Information Science, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand

View larger version (42K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Illustrations of the study area including (a) New Zealand, (b) the Taieri River catchment, and (c) lower Taieri Plains and showing major tributaries, drains, and lakes. Sampling sites (1–10) are marked (recreational bathing sites are shown as circles and other sites are shown as squares).

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Temporal variation in Campylobacter concentrations at each site (1–10) in the lower Taieri River (scale: 0–16 most probable number [MPN]/100 mL).

View larger version (31K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Boxplot of Campylobacter concentrations, most probable number (MPN)/100 mL, at 10 sites in the lower Taieri River, shown in order of downstream position. The box covers the interquartile range (IQR) and the line within the box is the median. Whiskers extend to ±1.5 x IQR. Outliers are plotted as asterisks. (Note: For Site 6, the upper bound of the interquartile range is equal to the median.)

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. (a) Temporal variation in Campylobacter concentrations at Site 2 on the lower Taieri River, (b) temporal variation in discharge at Site 2 on the lower Taieri River, (c) temporal variation in Campylobacter flux rate at Site 2 (Campylobacter concentration x discharge), and (d) temporal variation in notified cases of Campylobacter in the Taieri Catchment and Dunedin City.