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Stream Transport of Herbicides and Metabolites in a Tile-Drained, Agricultural Watershed

^a University of Illinois, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, W-503 Turner Hall, 1102 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801
^b University of Illinois, Department of Agricultural Engineering, 332J AESB, 1304 West Pennsylvania Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801
^c University of California, Environmental Studies, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Map of land use and sampling locations in the Upper Embarras River watershed showing high- (S1), medium- (S3), and low-density (S2) tile subwatershed sites, and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) gage site (outlet of watershed).

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Herbicide use in Illinois from 1992 through 2000 (USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2002).

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Discharge and concentrations of atrazine and metolachlor (corrected immunoassay) in surface water at the United States Geological Survey (USGS) gage site on the Embarras River from 1 Mar. 1999 through 1 Oct. 2000.

View larger version (41K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Detection rates of chloroacetanilide herbicides and their sulfonic and oxanilic metabolites. Data from March to June 1999 and May through July 2000, the period of tile flow in the Upper Embarras River watershed. ESA, ethanesulfonic acid; OA, oxanilic acid.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Concentrations of (a) atrazine and metolachlor (corrected immunoassay) and (b) gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) atrazine, deisopropylatrazine (DIA), and deethylatrazine (DEA) for all surface water samples collected in the Upper Embarras River watershed from 1 Mar. 1999 through 1 Oct. 2000. Box plot shows median (line in center of box), 25th and 75th percentiles (bottom and top of box, respectively), 10th and 90th percentiles (bottom and top error bars, respectively), and values < 10th percentile and > 90th percentile (solid circles below and above error bars, respectively).

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Concentrations of surface water atrazine and metolachlor (corrected immunoassay) by site in the Upper Embarras River watershed for samples collected from 1 Mar. 1999 through 1 Oct. 2000. Box plot shows median (line in center of box), 25th and 75th percentiles (bottom and top of box, respectively), 10th and 90th percentiles (bottom and top error bars, respectively), and values < 10th percentile and > 90th percentile (solid circles below and above error bars, respectively).

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Concentrations of chloroacetanilide (a) herbicides and (b) their metabolites for all surface water samples collected in the Upper Embarras River watershed. Data from March to June 1999 and May through July 2000, the period of tile flow in the watershed. ESA, ethanesulfonic acid; OA, oxanilic acid. Box plot shows median (line in center of box), 25th and 75th percentiles (bottom and top of box, respectively), 10th and 90th percentiles (bottom and top error bars, respectively), and values < 10th percentile and > 90th percentile (solid circles below and above error bars, respectively).

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Concentrations of chloroacetanilide (a) herbicides and (b) their metabolites for surface water samples collected at the United States Geological Survey (USGS) gage site in the Upper Embarras River watershed. Data from March to June 1999 and May through July 2000, the period of tile flow in the watershed. ESA, ethanesulfonic acid; OA, oxanilic acid. Box plot shows median (line in center of box), 25th and 75th percentiles (bottom and top of box, respectively), 10th and 90th percentiles (bottom and top error bars, respectively), and values < 10th percentile and > 90th percentile (solid circles below and above error bars, respectively).

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Export of metolachlor, metolachlor ethanesulfonic acid (ESA), and metolachlor oxanilic acid (OA) from subwatersheds S1, S3, and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) gage site in the Upper Embarras River watershed summed for the two months of May and June in 1999 and 2000.