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Evaluation of Water Treatment Sludge for Ameliorating Acid Mine Waste

School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Average pH values measured in the leachate from the sand medium at different water treatment sludge application rates, over time. Vertical bars present standard error of the mean.

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Average pH values measured in the leachate from the clay medium at different water treatment sludge application rates, over time. Vertical bars present standard error of the mean.

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Average pH values measured in the leachate from the coal discard medium at different water treatment sludge application rates, over time. Vertical bars present standard error of the mean.

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Average pH values measured in the leachate from the gold tailings medium at different water treatment sludge application rates, over time. Vertical bars present standard error of the mean.

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Average electrical conductivity values measured in the leachate from the sand medium at different water treatment sludge application rates, over time. Vertical bars present standard error of the mean.

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Average electrical conductivity values measured in the leachate from the clay medium at different water treatment sludge application rates, over time. Vertical bars present standard error of the mean.

View larger version (32K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Average electrical conductivity values measured in the leachate from the coal discard medium at different water treatment sludge application rates, over time. Vertical bars present standard error of the mean.

View larger version (31K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Average electrical conductivity values measured in the leachate from the gold tailings medium at different water treatment sludge application rates, over time. Vertical bars present standard error of the mean.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. The relationship between time (minutes) after application and penetration depth (cm) as well as the relationship between pH and penetration depth (cm) to evaluate the effectiveness of 60 Mg kg-1 sludge in a sand medium.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. The relationship between time (minutes) after application and penetration depth (cm) as well as the relationship between pH and penetration depth (cm) to evaluate the effectiveness of 60 Mg kg-1 sludge in a clay medium.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 11. The relationship between time (minutes) after application and penetration depth (cm) as well as the relationship between pH and penetration depth (cm) to evaluate the effectiveness of 60 Mg kg-1 sludge in a coal tailings medium.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 12. The relationship between time (minutes) after application and penetration depth (cm) as well as the relationship between pH and penetration depth (cm) to evaluate the effectiveness of 60 Mg kg-1 sludge in a gold tailings medium.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 13. Number of seedlings 30 and 60 d after seeding in the sand, clay, coal discard, and gold tailings media treated with 60 Mg kg-1 water treatment sludge.