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Predicting and Measuring Environmental Concentration of Pesticides in Air after Soil Application

Istituto di Chimica Agraria ed Ambientale-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Site map of the field experiment.

View larger version (11K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Representation of the pesticide-treated area in Bologna. (a) The pesticides were applied in 5-m segments (rectangles) with a total area of 495 m2 reproducing a quasicircle (dashed line) with an area of 491 m2. (b) Representation of the soil sampling grid: each soil sample was collected in each square cluster. (c) The sampling instrumentation for air: 1, glass cartridge; 2, polyurethane foam (PUF) plug; 3, tygon pipe; and 4, programmable pump.

View larger version (11K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Normalized flux of air (ratio of the horizontal to vertical flux) obtained using a Monin–Obukhov length of 500 and -500 cm for stable and unstable atmospheric conditions, respectively, for different heights at Bologna calculated with the trajectory simulation model. The full and dotted lines represent unstable and stable atmospheric conditions, respectively.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Wind profile at 1700 to 1800 h on 11 Dec. 1998. Wind speed has been measured at three different heights from the soil (43, 124, and 240 cm). Open rectangles represent measured points (average) while the line represents a regression line. The constant (0.80) in the exponential function of the regression line corresponds to the roughness length, Z0 (expressed in cm).

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Model sensitivity to different active air layer thicknesses (1, 2, 4, and 10 mm) on September 1999 simulations.

View larger version (32K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Volatilization rate during the December 1998 study determined by the Theoretical Profile Shape (TPS). Day 1 corresponds to the end of the day of treatment (midnight). The cloud symbol represents a rainfall event in millimeters of rain.

View larger version (42K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Volatilization rate during the September 1999 study determined by the Theoretical Profile Shape (TPS). Day 1 corresponds to the end of the day of treatment (midnight). The cloud symbol represents a rainfall event in millimeters of rain.

View larger version (39K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Comparison of measured (solid squares) with predicted (empty squares) cumulative volatilization data. Day 1 corresponds to the end of the day of sampling (midnight).