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Selenium Removal and Mass Balance in a Constructed Flow-Through Wetland System

^a Dep. of Land, Air and Water Resources, Univ. of California, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616
^b Dep. of Plant and Microbial Biology, Univ. of California, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720
^c Dep. of Biological Sciences & Environmental Sciences Program, Southern Illinois Univ., Edwardsville, IL 62026-1651
^d U.C. Hansen Agricultural Learning Center, 14292 W. Telegraph Rd., Santa Paula, CA 93060

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the layout of the Tulare Lake Drainage District (TLDD) flow-through wetland system.

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Sketch of the comprehensive sampling in wetland cells for mass balance, 20–22 Sept. 2000.

View larger version (40K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Average annual residence times. Error bars are standard deviations from weekly measurements. BUL, sturdy bulrush; BAL, baltic rush; CORD, smooth cordgrass; RAB, rabbitfoot grass; SALT, saltgrass; CAT, cattail; B–W–B, bulrush–widgeon grass–bulrush; T–W–C, tule–widgeon grass–cattail.

View larger version (44K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Average annual Se concentration in inflow and outflow waters. Error bars are standard deviations from weekly measurements. BUL, sturdy bulrush; BAL, baltic rush; CORD, smooth cordgrass; RAB, rabbitfoot grass; SALT, saltgrass; CAT, cattail; B–W–B, bulrush–widgeon grass–bulrush; T–W–C, tule–widgeon grass–cattail.

View larger version (48K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Selenium concentration ratio and mass ratio of outflow to inflow in 2000. Error bars are standard deviations from weekly measurements. BUL, sturdy bulrush; BAL, baltic rush; CORD, smooth cordgrass; RAB, rabbitfoot grass; SALT, saltgrass; CAT, cattail; B–W–B, bulrush–widgeon grass–bulrush; T–W–C, tule–widgeon grass–cattail.

View larger version (48K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Selenium speciation in inflow and outflow waters in 2000. Error bars are standard deviations of four seasonal measurements during the year. BUL, sturdy bulrush; BAL, baltic rush; CORD, smooth cordgrass; RAB, rabbitfoot grass; SALT, saltgrass; CAT, cattail; B–W–B, bulrush–widgeon grass–bulrush; T–W–C, tule–widgeon grass–cattail.

View larger version (38K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Selenium concentration in sediments in 2000. Values at depth of 0 cm represent Se concentration in the fine organic detrital layer. Error bars are standard deviations of several sampling locations shown in Fig. 2. BUL, sturdy bulrush; BAL, baltic rush; CORD, smooth cordgrass; RAB, rabbitfoot grass; SALT, saltgrass; CAT, cattail; B–W–B, bulrush–widgeon grass–bulrush; T–W–C, tule–widgeon grass–cattail.

View larger version (37K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Selenium concentration in fallen liter, organic detrital layer, and surface sediment (0–5 cm) in September 2000. Error bars are standard deviations of several sampling locations shown in Fig. 2. BUL, sturdy bulrush; BAL, baltic rush; CORD, smooth cordgrass; RAB, rabbitfoot grass; SALT, saltgrass; CAT, cattail; B–W–B, bulrush–widgeon grass–bulrush; T–W–C, tule–widgeon grass–cattail.

View larger version (42K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Mass of Se accumulated in the 0- to 20-cm sediment, detrital layer, and fallen litter in September 2000. BUL, sturdy bulrush; BAL, baltic rush; CORD, smooth cordgrass; RAB, rabbitfoot grass; SALT, saltgrass; CAT, cattail; B–W–B, bulrush–widgeon grass–bulrush; T–W–C, tule–widgeon grass–cattail.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Selenium mass balance in the Tulare Lake Drainage District (TLDD) flow-through wetland after four years of operation.