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Nutrient and Sediment Removal by a Restored Wetland Receiving Agricultural Runoff

^a Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, P.O. Box 28, Edgewater, MD 21037
^b Duke Univ. Dep. of Biology, Durham, NC 27708
^c Univ. of Maryland, Dep. of Biological Resources Engineering, College Park, MD 20742

View larger version (48K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. The study wetland and its watershed (outlined by dashed lines). Automated samplers were located at the labeled outlet and main inlet points. The restored wetland drained through a tidal wetland into a tidal tributary of Chesapeake Bay.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Water depth vs. time. Depth is relative to the bottom of the V-notch in the weir at the wetland drain. Thus, outflow occurs only when depths are above zero.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Total inflow (from runoff and direct precipitation combined) and outflow of water and depth relative to bottom of V-notch in weir during a four-day period in August 1996. A rainfall and runoff event began late on 12 August.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Daily outflow of water vs. time for the wetland. The horizontal line at 2500 m3 indicates the water capacity (i.e., the volume held by the wetland before outflow occurs).

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Total inflow (points) and outflow (line) of water vs. time during the sampling intervals, which are approximately one week long.

View larger version (33K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Concentrations of total organic nitrogen (TON), phosphorus (TOP), and carbon (TOC) in inflowing runoff (+), out flowing water (o), and precipitation (line) in mg L-1 N, P, or C.

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Concentrations of total phosphate (TPO3-4) and total suspended solids (TSS) in inflowing runoff (+), out flowing water (o), and precipitation (line) in mg L-1 P or TSS.

View larger version (39K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Concentrations of total ammonium (TNH+4) and nitrate plus nitrite (NO-3) in inflowing runoff (+), out flowing water (o), and precipitation (line) in mg L-1 N.

View larger version (38K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Annual total inflows and outflows of materials during the two years of the study. Inflows from runoff (solid bar) and direct precipitation (unshaded bar) are shown by stacked bars, and outflow by a cross-hatched bar, as labeled for total ammonium. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences between inflow (precipitation plus runoff) and outflow (p < 0.05, bootstrap). TNH+4, total ammonium; TOC, total organic carbon; TON, total organic nitrogen; TOP, total organic phosphorus; TPO3-4, total phosphate; TSS, total suspended solids.

View larger version (33K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Net removal of materials by the wetland, calculated by subtracting the outflow from the inflow for each sampling interval. Intervals were usually about one week long. Negative removal represents a net export of material from the wetland.