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Environmental Cadmium Levels Increase Phytochelatin and Glutathione in Lettuce Grown in a Chelator-Buffered Nutrient Solution

Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853

View larger version (12K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Percent of thiols measured in lettuce leaves on freezing in liquid N2 as compared with levels measured in a corresponding fresh leaf. Bars represent the average of eight (PC, phytochelatin) and five (GSH, glutathione) separate pairs of measurements. Error bars are the standard deviation of the mean.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Phytochelatin [reported as –glu–cys = 2(n = 2) + 3(n = 3)] concentrations in new leaves as sampled over time from flow-through hydroponic (FTH) plants grown in both control and pCd = 9.6 solutions. Data bars represent the average of two measurements and error bars show the range of the two duplicates.

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Concentrations of (a) glutathione and (b) phytochelatin in new leaves, old leaves, and roots of lettuce exposed to a range of free Cd concentrations after at least 14 d in the flow-through hydroponic (FTH) system. Phytochelatin is reported as –glu–cys = 2(n = 2) + 3(n = 3). Error bars represent the standard deviation of the mean (number of plants, x = 2 to 4, generally with duplicate samples analyzed from individual plants).

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Cadmium concentrations (mg kg-1 dry wt.) in the new leaves, old leaves, and roots of lettuce exposed to a range of free Cd concentrations in the flow-through hydroponic (FTH) system. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean and are shown only when the sample size is 3 (number of replicates x = 3, except x = 2 for control and pCd = 9.6 roots and x = 1 for pCd = 9.6 new leaves and old leaves). Average values (mg kg-1 dry wt.) for control and pCd = 9.6 roots, new leaves, and old leaves, respectively, are 4.9, 7.1, and 0.9 (control) and 0.8, 4.4, and 3.1 (pCd = 9.6).

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Concentrations of (a) glutathione and (b) phytochelatin in roots, new leaves, and old leaves of lettuce grown hydroponically in beakers for at least 14 d with 10, 50, or 100 µM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Phytochelatin reported as –glu–cys = 2(n = 2) + 3(n = 3). Error bars represent ±standard error of the mean (number of replicates x = 3).

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Cadmium levels (mg kg-1 dry wt.) in the roots, new leaves, and old leaves from lettuce plants grown hydroponically in beakers at pCd = 8.6 with 10, 50, or 100 µM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Error bars represent the data range (x = 2).