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Pesticide Volatilization from Soil

Lysimeter Measurements versus Predictions of European Registration Models

^a Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Chemistry and Dynamics of the Geosphere IV: Agrosphere, 52425 Jülich, Germany
^b Fraunhofer-Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, P.O. Box 1260, 57377 Schmallenberg, Germany

View larger version (33K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Schematic of the wind tunnel for measuring volatilization of pesticides from the soil surface under field-like conditions. AN, anemometer; C, cooler; CV1-3, converter; F, air filter (including prefilter, fine filter, and activated charcoal filter); GSM, gas stream mixer; H, hygrometer; P, pump/blower; PR, atmospheric pressure (sensors); PY, pyranometer; PUF, polyurethane foam plugs; QUA, quantometer; T, thermo sensors; TDR, time domain reflectometry; XAD, adsorbing resin (Amberlite XAD-7; Sigma-Aldrich GmbH, Deisenhofen, Germany).

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Climatic conditions over the course of the wind-tunnel experiment. Irrigation (8 mm) occurred on Day 8 after application.

View larger version (32K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Cumulative volatilization of 14C-labeled pesticides (parathion-methyl, terbuthylazine, fenpropimorph) and metabolites (fenpropimorph acid, desethyl-terbuthylazine) after soil surface application on Gleyic Cambisol determined in polyurethane foam plugs. Net applied radioactivity (AR) = 100%.

View larger version (37K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Measured volatilization rates after soil surface application on Gleyic Cambisol. Irrigation (8 mm) was given on Day 8 after application. (A) Parathion-methyl. (B) Terbuthylazine. (C) Fenpropimorph.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Measured and calculated volatilization flux rates after soil surface application on Gleyic Cambisol (semilogarithmic plots; compartment thickness: Pesticide Emission Assessment at Regional and Local Scales [PEARL] model calculation = 1 mm, Pesticide Leaching Model [PELMO] calculation = 5 cm). (A) Chlorpyrifos. (B) Fenpropimorph.

View larger version (33K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Model approaches: volatilization flux and soil moisture calculated by predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) models. (A) Pesticide Emission Assessment at Regional and Local Scales (PEARL) model simulation (compartment thickness = 1 cm). (B) Pesticide Leaching Model (PELMO) simulation (compartment thickness = 5 cm).