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Mercury Sequestration in Forests and Peatlands

A Review

Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, 439 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Differences in Hg concentration of conifer needles with needle age. Data from Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.] in Germany (Bombosch, 1983); Calabrian black pine (Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold subsp. laricio Maire) in Italy (Barghigiani et al., 1991); red pine (Pinus resinosa Aiton) in Minnesota (Fleck et al., 1999); and balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.] and white spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss] in northern Ontario, Canada (Rasmussen, 1995).

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Foliar concentrations of Hg reported in studies from Europe (Bombosch, 1983; Barghigiani et al., 1991; Makovská, 1996; Munthe et al., 1998) and North America (Fleck et al., 1999; Grigal et al., 2000; Lindberg, 1996; Moore et al., 1995; Rasmussen et al., 1991; Rasmussen, 1994b, 1995; Zhang et al., 1995a) (n = 63). This is only a snapshot of the extensive data that exist.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Frequency distribution of Hg concentration in wood and associated bark from a variety of predominantly deciduous tree species (n = 95) (E.A. Nater et al., personal communication, 1999).

View larger version (42K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Frequency distributions of Hg concentration in arable and natural soils from Europe, tabulated by Rundgren et al. (1992). Arable soils (n = 48) are primarily agricultural soils, while natural soils (n = 50) are mainly forests with some pastures and peats.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Empirical relationships between Hg concentration and organic matter of surface organic horizons in forests: Swedish mor, n = 363 (Håkanson et al., 1990); Norwegian humus, n = 700 (Låg and Steinnes, 1978); Great Lakes forest floor from the north-central USA, n = 133 (Nater and Grigal, 1992). Lines indicate approximate range of data from each study.

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Frequency distribution of Hg concentration in the forest floor and underlying surface mineral soil (0- to 25-cm depth) from sites located across the north-central USA (n = 133) (data from Nater and Grigal 1992). The multiplier for the units, k, is 100 for forest floor and 10 for mineral soil.

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Concentration of Hg with depth in an untilled chernozem (top) and podzol (bottom) from the Altai Territory, southwestern Siberia. Data to a 135-cm depth in the chernozem and a 150-cm depth in the podzol. Data from Anoshin et al. (1996); horizons with similar designations are combined.

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Frequency distribution of Hg concentration in sand, silt, and clay fractions, and in total soil, of horizons of uncultivated soil from Alberta, Canada (n = 29) (data from Dudas and Pawluk, 1976).

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Distribution of ratio of methylmercury (MeHg) to total Hg in horizons of both mineral and organic soils from Germany (Padberg and May, 1992; Schwesig et al., 1999; Schwesig and Matzner, 2000), Sweden (Hultberg et al., 1994; Munthe et al., 1998), and Ontario, Canada (Moore et al., 1995) (n = 60).