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Identifying Relationships between Baseflow Geochemistry and Land Use with Synoptic Sampling and R-Mode Factor Analysis

^a Dep. of Geological Sciences, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI 48824-1115
^b Dep. of Zoology, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI 48824-1115
^c United States Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, 6520 Mercantile Way, Lansing, MI 48911

View larger version (39K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Location of Grand Traverse Bay watershed, Michigan, and sampling sites.

View larger version (123K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Selected land use distributions in the Grand Traverse Bay watershed.

View larger version (40K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Flow at the U.S. Geological Survey Boardman River gauging station for three synoptic sampling events and two-week period prior to sampling. The sampling dates are shown by the double arrow lines. Discharge of 2 m3 s-1 is highlighted as a common reference.

View larger version (32K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Sourcesheds for Sample Sites 1, 6, 39, and 62. A sourceshed is defined as the total area that contributes to a selected drainage point, or sampling site. Sourcesheds were generated using the GIS software package Arc/INFO (Environmental Systems Research Institute, 2001).

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Ratio of Na+ to Cl- (mol L-1) in all samples for three sampling events. The Halite line represents the 1:1 molar ratio that would result from halite dissolution. The brine line represents the typical Na to Cl ratio in Michigan brines (Wilson and Long, 1992).