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Seasonal Variation in Microbial Communities and Organic Malodor Indicator Compound Concentrations in Various Types of Swine Manure Storage Systems

^a Department of Microbiology, 2537 Agronomy Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1010
^b Departments of Agronomy and Microbiology, 2537 Agronomy Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1010

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Manure temperature of anaerobic swine manure storage systems.

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Principal components analysis (PCA) plot of various swine manure storage system fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles during July 1998. Values in parentheses indicate the contribution of PC1 or PC2 to the total variation in the FAME profiles. Circles were drawn to facilitate elucidation of the patterns. Two-stage first phototrophic lagoon (TS1PL) (); two-stage second phototrophic lagoon (TS2PL) (); single-stage phototrophic lagoon (SSPL) (); earthen nonphototrophic basin (ENPB) (); concrete nonphototrophic basin (CNPB) ().

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Principal components analysis (PCA) plot of various swine manure storage system fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles during November 1997 through February 1998. Values in parentheses indicate the contribution of PC1 or PC2 to the total variation in the FAME profiles. Two-stage first phototrophic lagoon (TS1PL) (); two-stage second phototrophic lagoon (TS2PL) (); single-stage phototrophic lagoon (SSPL) (); earthen nonphototrophic basin (ENPB) (); concrete nonphototrophic basin (CNPB) ().

View larger version (31K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Seasonal principal components analysis (PCA) plot of the single-stage phototrophic lagoon (SSPL) fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles. Values in parentheses indicate the contribution of PC1 or PC2 to the total variation in the FAME profiles. Spring is March–May, Summer is June–July, Fall is August–October, and Winter is November–February.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Seasonal principal components analysis (PCA) plot of the concrete nonphototrophic basin (CNPB) fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles. Values in parentheses indicate the contribution of PC1 or PC2 to the total variation in the FAME profiles. Summer is June–July, Fall is August–October, and Winter is November–February.

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Seasonal changes in malodor indicator compounds in manure slurries of the two-stage phototrophic lagoon system. (A) p-Cresol (2-methyl phenol) (,) and 4-ethyl phenol (•,). (B) Phenol (,) and indoles (indole + 3-methyl indole ,). Open symbols, two-stage first phototrophic lagoon (TS1PL); solid symbols, two-stage second phototrophic lagoon (TS2PL). Values are the averages of two samples for each lagoon, and the coefficient of variation over all sampling times was about 5%. A similar profile was observed for the single-stage phototrophic lagoon (SSPL) system (data not shown).

View larger version (33K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Seasonal changes in malodor indicator compounds in the (A) concrete nonphototrophic basin (CNPB) and (B) earthen nonphototrophic basin manure slurries. The arrows indicate when the system contents were removed. We were unable to obtain samples in the CNPB system between February and April after the contents had been removed.

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Seasonal relationship between total phenolic concentration and proportion of 18:17c/9t/12t and 18:17t fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in the two-stage first phototrophic lagoon (TS1PL). Total phenolics is the summation of phenol, p-cresol, 4-ethyl phenol, and the indoles. 18:17t (), 18:17c/9t/12t (•), and total phenolic concentration (). Similar profiles were observed for the two-stage second phototrophic lagoon (TS2PL) and single-stage phototrophic lagoon (SSPL).