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Impacts of Golf Courses on Macroinvertebrate Community Structure in Precambrian Shield Streams

^a Environ. and Resource Studies, Trent Univ. (c/o Dorset Environ. Science Centre, P.O. Box 39, Dorset, ON, Canada P0A 1E0)
^b Ministry of Environment, Dorset Environmental Science Centre, P.O. Box 39, Dorset, ON, Canada P0A 1E0

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Macroinvertebrate indices and substrate characteristics (means + 1 SE) at sites upstream and downstream of (A) golf course Site 1, and (B) golf course Site 5.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Correspondence analysis (CA) ordination of the macroinvertebrate data collected in fall 1999 and spring, summer, and fall 2000. Samples from golf course and forested reference streams are separated, and the arrows indicate taxon scores (multiplied by 1.5) that were most indicative of conditions at these sites.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Frequency distribution of the samples from golf course and reference streams with respect to their distances from the reference site mean macroinvertebrate community based on the four axes of a correspondence analysis (CA) ordination.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) diagram showing sample scores obtained in the ordination of macroinvertebrate samples collected from golf course and forested reference streams in fall 1999, and spring and summer 2000. Golf course Sites 3, 4, and 6 were plotted separately from the other golf course sites. Arrows indicate environmental variables (biplot scores were multiplied by 4) that are significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with macroinvertebrate distribution. Cond = conductivity, temp = temperature, TKN = total Kjeldahl N, and TP = total P.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) diagram showing sample scores obtained in the ordination of macroinvertebrate samples collected from golf course and forested reference streams in fall 1999, and spring and summer 2000. Golf course Sites 3, 4, and 6 were plotted separately from the other golf course sites. Arrows indicate environmental variables (biplot scores were multiplied by 5) that are significantly (p < 0.01) correlated with macroinvertebrate distribution.