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Preferential Bromide and Pesticide Movement to Tile Drains under Different Cropping Practices

^a Département des sols et de génie agroalimentaire, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1K 7P4
^b Ministère de l'Environnement du Québec, Direction des politiques agricoles, 675, Blvd René-Lévesque Est, Québec, QC, Canada G1R 5V7
^c Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation du Québec (MAPAQ), Direction régionale du Bas Saint-Laurent, 335, rue Moreault, Rimouski, QC, Canada G5L 9C8
^d Institut de Recherche et de Développement en Agroenvironnement (IRDA), 2700, rue Einstein, Sainte-Foy, QC, Canada G1P 3W8

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Experiment layout at the Saint-Lambert-de-Lauzon site, showing the plots sizes and treatments, the tile lines, and the access chambers. The drained surface for each plot was 750 m2 (1998) and 600 m2 (1999) for cow manure–reduced tillage (CM–RT), 1500 m2 (1998) and 1200 m2 (1999) for CM–conventional tillage (CT), and 1200 m2 for mineral fertilizer (MF)–CT, MF–RT, pig manure (PM)–CT, and PM–RT. See text for details concerning the changes in the drained surface for CM plots.

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Rainfall and drain discharge for the different plots during the two years studied. Cow manure conventional (CM–CT) () and reduced (CM–RT) () tillage; pig slurry conventional (PS–CT) () and reduced (PS–RT) () tillage; mineral fertilizer conventional (MF–CT) (•) and reduced (MF–RT) () tillage.

View larger version (34K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Vertical distribution of bromide and pesticides in the soil profile in 1998 in plots treated with different amendments [cow manure (CM), pig slurry (PS), or mineral fertilizer (MF)] and tillage practices [conventional tillage (CT) and reduced tillage (RT)]. Boxes end at minimum and maximum values measured at each sampling depth from the four sampling locations in each plot. Values below the detection limit were plotted as zero.

View larger version (38K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Vertical distribution of bromide and pesticides in the soil profile in 1999 in plots treated with different amendments [cow manure (CM), pig slurry (PS), or mineral fertilizer (MF)] and tillage practices [conventional tillage (CT) and reduced tillage (RT)]. Boxes end at minimum and maximum values measured at each sampling depth from the four sampling locations in each plot. Values below the detection limit were plotted as zero.

View larger version (42K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Breakthrough curves for bromide and herbicides to tile drains under different cultural practices in 1998 [cow manure (CM), pig slurry (PS), mineral fertilizer (MF), conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT)].

View larger version (37K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Breakthrough curves for bromide and herbicides to tile drains under different cultural practices in 1999 [cow manure (CM), pig slurry (PS), mineral fertilizer (MF), conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT)].

View larger version (36K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Relative cumulative mass loss as a function of the cumulative drain discharge for the different treatments in 1998 and 1999. Cow manure conventional (CM–CT) () and reduced (CM–RT) () tillage; pig slurry conventional (PS–CT) () and reduced (PS–RT) () tillage; mineral fertilizer conventional (MF–CT) (•) and reduced (MF-RT) () tillage.