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Influence of Manure Application on Surface Energy and Snow Cover

Model Development and Sensitivities

^a NOAA/NESDIS/ORA, Atmospheric Research and Applications Division, 5200 Auth Rd., Rm. 601/WWB, Camp Springs, MD 20746-4304
^b Dep. of Soil Science, 1525 Observatory Drive, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1299

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Simulated and measured snow depths in the manured and control plots in 1998.

View larger version (33K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Simulated and measured snow depths in the manured and control plots in 1999 for (A) the south-facing site and (B) the northwest-facing site.

View larger version (33K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Simulated and measured surface temperature in 1998 in (A) the manured plot and (B) the control plot. (C) Simulated surface temperature in the manured and control plots and recorded air temperature.

View larger version (37K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Simulated and measured surface temperature in 1999 on the south-facing plots: (A) the heavy manured plot and (B) the control plot. (C) Simulated surface temperature in the manured and control plots and recorded air temperature.

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Measured and simulated net (A) radiation, (B) longwave radiation, and (C) energy (conductive flux) to the snowpack beneath the manure in 1998.

View larger version (36K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Measured and simulated (A) net radiation, (B) net longwave radiation, and (C) net conductive flux to the snowpack beneath the heavy manure application, the south-facing plot in 1999.

View larger version (33K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Simulated net (A) shortwave radiation and (B) longwave radiation in the manured and control plots in 1998.

View larger version (34K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Simulated (A) net radiation, (B) turbulent flux (sum of sensible and latent heat), and (C) net energy of the snow beneath the manure in the manured and control plot in 1998.

View larger version (37K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Simulated (A) net shortwave radiation and (B) net longwave radiation in the south-facing heavy and control plots in 1999.

View larger version (37K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Simulated (A) net radiation, (B) turbulent flux (sum of sensible and latent heat), and (C) net energy of the snow beneath the manure in the south-facing heavy and control plots in 1999.

View larger version (31K): [in a new window]   Fig. 11. Simulated (A) snow depth and (B) rate of melt of the snow water equivalent depth underneath the manure in 1998 at different manure application rates. Simulations were made at a manure thermal conductivity (k) value of 0.14 W m-1 K-1.

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 12. Simulated (A) snow depth and (B) rate of melt of the snow water equivalent depth underneath the manure in 1998 at different manure thermal conductivity (k) values (in units of W m-1 K-1). Simulations were made using at a manure application rate of 70 Mg ha-1.