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A Stochastic Empirical Model for Regional Heavy-Metal Balances in Agroecosystems

^a Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Grabenstr. 3, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
^b Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPF Lausanne), CE-Ecublens CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
^c Wageningen Univ., Environmental Sciences, Soil Quality, P.O. Box 8005, 6700 EC Wageningen, The Netherlands

View larger version (47K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. General balance scheme for (a) the farm scale and (b) the regional balance model PROTERRA-S.

View larger version (66K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Distribution of agricultural land (1-ha gridcells) in the Sundgau region, Switzerland (total area = 95 km2).

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Simulated cadmium balance for the regional scale. The boxes give the interquartile range (IQR). The horizontal bar in each box indicates the median. The length of the whiskers is 1.5 x IQR, values outside these limits are plotted as points. IMan = inputs by animal manure; ISe, ICF, and IPes = inputs with sewage sludge, commercial fertilizer, and pesticides, respectively; IAtm = atmospheric deposition; OCrop = output by crop removal; OL = leaching; and xmed = median flux.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Area-cumulated cadmium net fluxes of the land-use systems and the regional balance. The estimated 90% confidence intervals for the land use systems are also given.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Simulated zinc balance for the regional scale. The boxes give the interquartile range (IQR). The horizontal bar in each box indicates the median. The length of the whiskers is 1.5 x IQR, values outside these limits are plotted as points. IMan = inputs by animal manure; ISe, ICF, and IPes = inputs with sewage sludge, commercial fertilizer, and pesticides, respectively; IAtm = atmospheric deposition; OCrop = output by crop removal; OL = leaching; and xmed = median flux.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Area-cumulated zinc net fluxes of the land-use systems and the regional balance. The estimated 90% confidence intervals for the land use systems are also given. For graphical presentation, original metal flux values were transformed adding Ytrans.