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Runoff Loss of Pesticides and Soil

A Comparison between Vegetative Mulch and Plastic Mulch in Vegetable Production Systems

Pamela J. Rice^*,a, Laura L. McConnell^b, Lynne P. Heighton^b, Ali M. Sadeghi^b, Allan R. Isensee^,b, John R. Teasdale^b, Aref A. Abdul-Baki^b, Jennifer A. Harman-Fetcho^b and Cathleen J. Hapeman^*,b

^a USDA-ARS, Soil and Water Management Research, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108
^b Sustainable Agricultural Systems Lab., USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Precipitation and runoff volume from polyethylene and hairy vetch mulch plots during the 3-yr study. The difference in runoff volume at each runoff event is significant (p 0.05) with the exception of runoff events 1997-210, 1998-201, and 1999-184. Error bars represent the standard deviation of the means.

View larger version (32K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Quantity of soil lost with runoff from polyethylene and hairy vetch mulch plots during the 3-yr study. The difference in soil loss at each runoff event is significant (p 0.05) with the exception of runoff events 1997-210, 1998-201, and 1998-251. Error bars represent the standard deviation of the means.

View larger version (39K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Dissolved- and particle-phase loads of chlorothalonil in runoff following the application of Bravo 720 (a.i. chlorothalonil, 30.81 g per 162 m2 plot). Asterisk(s) represent a significant difference (* for p = 0.05, ** for p = 0.01) in pesticide load between mulch treatments for that runoff event. Numbers in parentheses represent days between application and runoff. Error bars represent the standard deviation of the means.

View larger version (32K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Dissolved- and particle-phase loads of -endosulfan in runoff following the application of Thiodan 50 WP (a.i. endosulfan, 9.08 g per 162 m2 plot). Asterisk(s) represent a significant difference (* for p = 0.05, ** for p = 0.01) in pesticide load between mulch treatments for that runoff event. Numbers in parentheses represent days between application and runoff. Error bars represent the standard deviation of the means.

View larger version (32K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Dissolved- and particle-phase loads of ß-endosulfan in runoff following the application of Thiodan 50 WP (a.i. endosulfan, 9.08 g per 162 m2 plot). Asterisk(s) represent a significant difference (* for p = 0.05, ** for p = 0.01) in pesticide load between mulch treatments for that runoff event. Numbers in parentheses represent days between application and runoff. Error bars represent the standard deviation of the means.

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Dissolved- and particle-phase loads of metribuzin in runoff following the application of Lexone DF (a.i. metribuzin, 6.81 g per 162 m2 plot). Asterisks represent a significant difference (p = 0.01) in pesticide load between mulch treatments for that runoff event. Numbers in parentheses represent days between application and runoff. Error bars represent the standard deviation of the means.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Particle-phase loads of esfenvalerate in runoff following the application of Asana XL (a.i. esfenvalerate, 0.44 g per 162 m2 plot). Asterisks represent a significant difference (p = 0.01) in pesticide load between mulch treatments for that runoff event. Numbers in parentheses represent days between application and runoff. Error bars represent the standard deviation of the means. BQL = below quantification limits.

View larger version (34K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Dissolved-phase loading of chlorothalonil, -endosulfan, and ß-endosulfan with time. The runoff event occurred in 1998 on Day of Year 244, which was 4 d following the application of chlorothalonil and endosulfan.