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Chemical Immobilization of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Smelter-Contaminated Soils Using Biosolids and Rock Phosphate

^a Dep. of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OK 74078
^b CRC Environmental, Inc., Tulsa, OK

View larger version (56K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Distribution of Cd, Pb, and Zn in PBASE fractions E1–E4 expressed as a percentage of total metal content in Bartlesville (B4), Blackwell (BW), and Henryetta (H12) contaminated soils. Values at the top of graph bars represent total Cd, Pb, or Zn contents of the respective soil in mg kg-1.

View larger version (40K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Effect of immobilization treatments on Cd extractability in Blackwell (BW), Henryetta (H12), and Bartlesville (B4) contaminated soils as determined by the PBASE sequential extraction. LSB = lime-stabilized biosolids, NV = N-Viro Soil, RP = rock phosphate, and AB = anaerobically digested biosolids. Treatments with the same letter are not different at P < 0.05 within each soil–extract combination.

View larger version (53K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Effect of immobilization treatments on Zn extractability in Blackwell (BW), Henryetta (H12), and Bartlesville (B4) contaminated soils as determined by the PBASE sequential extraction. Immobilization treatment abbreviations are the same as listed in Fig. 2. Zn x 5 designation indicates the E1 values have been multiplied by 5. Treatments with the same letter are not different at P < 0.05 within each soil–extract combination.

View larger version (49K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Effect of immobilization treatments on Pb extractability in Blackwell (BW), Henryetta (H12), and Bartlesville (B4) contaminated soils as determined by the PBASE sequential extraction. Immobilization treatment abbreviations are the same as listed in Fig. 2. Pb x 100 designation indicates the E1 values have been multiplied by 100. Treatments with the same letter are not different at P < 0.05 within each soil–extract combination.

View larger version (39K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. The effect of immobilization treatments on Cd, Pb, and Zn phytoavailability of lettuce grown on Blackwell (BW), Henryetta (H12), and Bartlesville (B4) contaminated soils. Immobilization treatment abbreviations are the same as listed in Fig. 2. Treatments with the same letter are not different at P < 0.05 within each soil.

View larger version (58K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Lettuce grown in control and treated Blackwell contaminated soil. Photo taken at time of harvest. Immobilization treatment abbreviations are the same as listed in Fig. 2.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Effect of immobilization treatments on gastrointestinal Pb in the Blackwell soil as measured using the PBET method. Immobilization treatment abbreviations are the same as listed in Fig. 2. Treatments with the same letter are not different at P < 0.05 within gastric or intestinal extracts.

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. The effect of soil acidification on Cd and Zn in the E1 PBASE fraction and gastrointestinal Pb, measured in the gastric phase of the PBET method, for the Blackwell contaminated soil. Immobilization treatment abbreviations are the same as listed in Fig. 2.