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Off-Site Movement of Endosulfan from Irrigated Cotton in New South Wales

^a Australian Cotton Cooperative Research Centre, Dep. of Agricultural Chemistry & Soil Science, Ross St. Building AO3, The Univ. of Sydney, NSW 2006
^b NSW Agriculture, Wollongbar Agricultural Institute, Bruxner Highway, Wollongbar, NSW 2480
^c Jones Air, St. George, QLD 4487
^d Australian Water Technologies, Environmental Labs., 51 Hermitage Rd., West Ryde, NSW 2114

View larger version (54K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Diagram of a typical irrigated cotton field showing four irrigation stages and the direction of the water.

View larger version (49K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Distribution of endosulfan residues in cotton plants. The majority of residues are found in the leaves.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Typical dissipation of endosulfan in cotton leaves from Field 4 at Auscott Warren. Formation of the sulfate product is less than 10% of the initial amount.

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Volatilization of endosulfan parent isomers under two different field conditions. Hot conditions following the early application on 21 Dec. 1994 resulted in 90% of the endosulfan residues disappearing after 5 d, whereas on the late application only 64% of residues disappeared in the same period.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Second-order dissipation of total endosulfan residues in cotton foliage.

View larger version (34K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Endosulfan residues in soil profile (field) and sediment cores from tail and return drains. About 90% of the residues are found in the top 6 cm.

View larger version (37K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Dissipation of endosulfan (cummulative data) from soil on two cotton fields at Auscott Warren. Dates of endosulfan applications are indicated. See also Figure 4.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Endosulfan concentrations in irrigation and storm runoff samples collected at the outlet of Field 4, Auscott Warren. Residues leaving the field decrease with time except for the runoff of a large storm (181 mm).

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Endosulfan residues in runoff from 19 outlets of cotton fields at Auscott Warren (1995–1996). The decline in endosulfan concentrations in irrigation runoff is well correlated with the declining residues in soil as crop canopy cover increases at the time of application.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Dissipation of endosulfan in ponded irrigation water and suspended particulate (a), and build-up of endosulfan residues on the pond-floor sediments (b). Arrows indicate water inputs from rainfall.