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Removal of Herbicides from Liquid Media by Fungi Isolated from a Contaminated Soil

^a Institut des Sciences de la Nature, Université d'Annaba, 23000 Annaba, Algérie
^b EA 2945: Environnement-Santé, Groupe pour l'Etude du Devenir des Xénobiotiques dans l'Environnement (GEDEXE), UFR de Pharmacie, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France

View larger version (9K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Structural formulas of linuron, metobromuron, metribuzin, and metamitron

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatograms for metribuzin and metamitron showing abiotic controls and degradation by Absidia fusca and Botrytis cinerea. (A) metribuzin 1, retention time (RT): 2.99 min; (a) standard (100 mg/L), 1 = 100%; (b) abiotic control, 1 = 98%; (c) Absidia fusca NCS, 1 = 77%, main other peaks RT (min): 0.74–1.39–1.75–2.07–2.36; (d) Absidia fusca CS, 1 = 8%, main other peaks RT (min): 1.40–1.91–2.37; (e) Botrytis cinerea NCS, 1 = 35%, main other peaks RT (min): 1.44–1.62–2.09–2.39; (f) Botrytis cinerea CS, 1 = 75%, main other peaks RT (min): 1.45–1.75–2.10–2.39. (B) metamitron 2, RT: 2.46 min; (a) standard (100 mg/L), 2 = 100%; (b) abiotic control, 2 = 98%; (c) Absidia fusca NCS, 2 = 92%, main other peaks RT (min): 1.38–1.75–1.96; (d) Absidia fusca CS, 2 = 84%, main other peaks RT (min): 1.37–1.71–2.1. NCS, noncontaminated soil; CS, contaminated soil. Major peaks are underlined, secondary peaks are in italic type

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatograms for metobromuron and linuron showing abiotic controls and degradation by Absidia fusca and Botrytis cinerea. (A) metobromuron 3, retention time (RT): 3.67 min; (a) standard (100 mg/L), 3 = 100%; (b) abiotic control, 3 = 99%; (c) Absidia fusca NCS, 3 = 78%, main other peaks RT (min): 1.44–2.00–2.68–2.86; (d) Absidia fusca CS, 3 = 54%, main other peaks RT (min): 1.42–1.99–2.67–2.85; (e) Botrytis cinerea NCS, 3 = 10%, main other peaks RT (min): 1.50–1.99–2.69–2.86; (f) Botrytis cinerea CS, 3 = 10.5%, main other peaks RT (min): 1.49–2.03–2.40–2.70–2.88. (B) linuron 4, RT: 2.98 min; (a) standard (100 mg/L), 4 = 100%; (b) abiotic control, 4 = 43%; (c) Absidia fusca NCS, 4 = 34.5%, main other peaks RT (min): 1.38–2.31; (d) Absidia fusca CS, 4 = 20%, main other peaks RT (min): 1.39–2.36; (e) Botrytis cinerea NCS, 4 = 0.5%, main other peaks RT (min): 1.36–1.53–1.79–2.11–2.33–3.33; (f) Botrytis cinerea CS, 4 = 7%, main other peaks RT (min): 1.50–2.12–2.34–3.27. NCS, noncontaminated soil; CS, contaminated soil. Major peaks are underlined, secondary peaks are in italic type