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Chemical Characterization of Synthetic Soil from Composting Coal Combustion and Pharmaceutical By-Products

^a Dep. of Agronomy, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN 47907
^b Dep. of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN 47907
^c Eli Lilly and Company Tippecanoe Laboratories, Lafayette, IN 47902
^d National Soil Erosion Lab., USDA-ARS, West Lafayette, IN 47907

View larger version (42K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the coal combustion by-products (CCBs) (a), the 50:50 CCB–fermentation by-product (FB) mixture (b), and the composted mixture (c). Hm = hematite, Ah = anhydrite, Q = quartz, Cc = calcite, D = dolomite, L = lime

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the fermentation by-product (FB) (a), the coal-combustion by-products (CCBs) (b), and the 50:50 CCB–FB mixture after washing (c), in the 450 to 4000 cm-1 region, prepared as KBr pellets

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Total carbon contents of the coal combustion by-product (CCB)–fermentation by-product (FB) mixtures before and after washing

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Variation of the temperature (a) and the pH (b) of the compost piles with time

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Variation of the carbon and nitrogen contents of the compost piles with time

View larger version (39K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Comparison of the elemental composition of the coal combustion by-products (CCBs) and the composted mixture with the range of elements found in soils and the USEPA 503 regulations